“Virginitie, Mariage And Widowhood” (Mainer). Stage One

â€Å"Virginitie, Mariage and Widowhood† (MAINER). Stage one: A girl child is controlled by her father and other male figures around her. She grows up to be a young woman, a virgin, a prospective bride. Stage two: Marriage— decided again by powerful men around her. She has no freedom to choose her soul partner. No precedence for love or compatibility. This is the stage the submissive woman spends most of her life; her duty is to fulfill her dominant husband’s every wish and demand. She is entrusted to take care of the household, and bear and raise children. When her husband meets his end, she is now a widow and is looked down by society. At this juncture of her life again, she is sub-ordinate to men in her family circle. This was the typical†¦show more content†¦She is not the typical, submissive, uneducated woman of her era. Lady Macbeth is power hungry and vindictive, unlike the traditional Jacobean women. After hearing of the witches’ prophecy , Lady Macbeth’s hunger for power grows limitless. She goes as far as committing regicide. The disruption of gender roles is especially apparent when Lady Macbeth calls upon the spirits to â€Å"unsex me here/ And fill me, from the crown to the toe, topful/ Of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood,/ Stop up the access and passage to remorse† (Shakespeare I.v.40-43). Here, Lady Macbeth implies that women are not normally cruel, while men are. When she notices that her husband is hesitant to murder Duncan, she continually taunts him until he eventually commits the deed. Witches and their prophecy are not the reason for her cruelty but they act just as a catalyst, a trigger. But it was the brutality and cruelty inherent in her nature that enables her to orchestrate the murder. Shakespeare shows the reader that contrary to the popular belief, a lady is not naturally born with certain set traits; that being a woman does not mean being kind or submissive. Lady Macbeth is port rayed as a very ambitious woman who has the desire to not be a woman. Again, this is very atypical of Jacobean women. A woman with power was a rarity in the Jacobean era. History shows an occasion when a woman was entrusted with power to rule her kingdom. After the death of her

Essay about Cost Accounting Analysis - 1757 Words

3.0 Variance Analysis 3.1 Flexible-Budget Variance Analysis In Barnes Scuba Diving case, the main comparison for the flexible-budget variance analysis would be between the actual results and flexible budget. Static budget would not be useful for this comparison due to the different sales unit output which may result in a misleading and inaccurate result comparison. With reference to the Flexible Budget Section attached in Annex X, Flexible-Budget Variance for Revenues was identified to be a favourable variance of $50,400 due to the fact that there was an increase of 216 participants on top of the budgeted 1800 participants and also an additional increased in course fee of $25 on top of the budgeted $350(selling price per unit). This†¦show more content†¦This resulted in more resources to be consumed, an additional 504 (25%x2, 016 units) manuals cost to be incurred, which resulted in the unfavourable quantity variance ($6,048). An actual cost of $4788 (504 units X$2.50) was incurred due to the manuals being replaced free of charge. Barnes had to bear responsibility to replace them free of charge as the low quality manuals were due to Barnes’ decision to use cheaper printer. In this case, Barnes was still able to absorb the cost of replacing the manuals free of charge as the total savings from using the cheaper printer is more tha n the total cost of replacing. In the long run, Barnes may also have to consider if customers value of this manual, which was not mention in the case. If customer does not value the manual and Barnes can keep up with the cost of replacement, then using the cheaper printer may ultimate be an advantage to Barnes. This would be the trade-off that Barnes would have to consider for using cheaper quality printer. 3.2.2.3 Dive Logbooks The unfavourable price ($1854.40) and quantity ($2419.20) variances of dive logbooks were caused mainly by the additional 302 logbooks being consumed and increase cost of $0.80 per logbook. The increase cost from the standard cost $8 was controllable by Barnes and justified with the improve quality of the logbook. ThisShow MoreRelatedA Cost Accounting System Analysis1046 Words   |  5 PagesA cost accounting system is a framework used by firms to estimate the cost of their products for profitability analysis, inventory valuation and cost control. Its goal is to advise the management on the most appropriate course of action based on the cost efficiency and capability. Cost accounting provides the detailed cost information that management needs to control current operations and plan for the future. 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Revision for K218 Free Essays

These are the key points in Learning Guide 1: The children and young people’s workforce is large and diverse. Its composition raises some important questions about who works with children and in what sort of organisations. Policy and legislation increasingly vary across the UK as devolution becomes more firmly established. We will write a custom essay sample on Revision for K218 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important to understand the context most relevant to you, but valuable learning can also be drawn from comparing developments in different contexts and countries. Developing the skill of reflection can enhance your learning from the module and day-to-day practice. †¢What are some of the key professional standards used by practitioners across the UK? †¢What are some of the different ways of understanding children, young people, their families and the services that are provided for them? †¢What knowledge, skills and values are required to support ‘good practice’? These are the key points in Learning Guide 2 There are five key themes, emphasising theories, frameworks or aspects of working with children young people and families, which will recur throughout the module. Practice can be seen as consisting of three intertwined elements of knowledge, skill and values. What constitutes good or effective practice is complex and open to discussion and debate. Attempting to measure good practice through outcomes can play a role in improving practice with children and families but also has some major limitations. 3 †¢How does social constructionist theory help with our understanding of children and families? †¢How does practice involve relationships between children, young people, families, community and society? How does this change across time? †¢What is a social ecological perspective and how can it help us to understand and develop practice with children, young people and families? These are the key points in Learning Guide 3 An ecological perspective is useful for making sense of the complexities that surround working with children, young people and families. Ecological models can support how we think about practice and how we organise practice – including policy, assessment and collaborative relationships such as multi-agency working. Ecological models are not static; they need to take into consideration changes to people, communities and society across time. 4 †¢What are the different levels that make up a web of relationships? †¢What is social constructionism? †¢How is social constructionism useful in understanding how the lives of children, young people and families are constructed? †¢What are the implications of social constructionism for practice? These are the key points in Learning Guide 4 Social constructionist theory argues that understandings of childhood, development and appropriate care for children and young people vary between different historical and geographical/cultural/family contexts Viewing development as a stage-based pathway is strongly embedded in practice and legislation, with understandings of children and young people often based on their age and perceived developmental stage Development as a stage-based pathway needs to be approached with caution as it has implications for some children and young people who are not easily accommodated within the ‘normative’ assumptions of the pathway †¢What are some of the broad ways that power operates, as identified by Foucault? How to cite Revision for K218, Essay examples

Fundamentals of Human Resource Management System

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Human Resource Management System. Answer: Introduction: Employment contract helps the employer to understand what is expected from him (Banfield Kay, 2012). An employment contract must include name of the employee and employer, date of commencement of employment, title and description of job, working location, working hours to be put in, wages, probationary period, deductions, number of leaves allowed and clause of termination and retirement. Proper to joining of a new employee, an advice or an announcement has to be made to other employees about his arrival(Armstrong, 2014). This can be done through a memo, notice or an email to the relevant administrative staff along with his joining dates and payment details. Induction of employees is a method which is used by many organisations to help an employee to settle in the organisation(Blyton Turnbull, 2014). Induction is a process of welcoming and making new employees aware of the policies, procedures, colleagues and nature of their job. During the induction process employee is allowed to become familiar with the work surroundings. An induction programme should include information on the purpose of the organisation. It should include a brochure detailing the history and functioning of the organisation(Banfield Kay, 2012). Additionally, it should also have a written directive for employee regarding his duties and responsibilities, code of conduct, working practices and procedures. Induction is an important step to gain employee trust and commitment(Snell, 2011). As human resource (HR) department of a firm deals with employee issues; hence, HR manager should handle the induction process. HR manager would be in a position to make the employee understand the organisations purpose. An HR manager would be the best person to orient the employee regarding pay, promotion and transfer policy of the firm. Additionally, HR manager can also brief the employee about basic job requirements as it is the HR department which has information on job requirements of all the departments(Gary, 2012). Therefore, HR manager should deliver induction programme. Benefits of buddy system A buddy is an employee, chosen by the organisation to partner with a new employee(Gary, 2012). This buddy helps the new employee in learning about job requirements and tries to solve his doubts and queries. This system is beneficial because the employee gets a guiding force to help him in his initial days(Gary, 2012). It can be said that buddy is like a ready reference for a new employee. It is important to integrate recruitment strategies with organisational goals and objectives because organisational strategies define the purpose of the organisation. Recruitment of right employees can help in attainment of organisational objectives(Boxall, 2015). For example, if organisational objective is to increase production, the firm needs to hire skilled workers for the operations department. Therefore, recruitment and organisational objectives should be aligned. Recruitment is the overall process of finding suitable candidates for a particular job(Banfield Kay, 2012). The responsibility of the recruitment department is to motivate prospective candidates for a job and then selecting the right people among these candidates for a particular job(Gary, 2012). Recruitment process is responsible for analysing the job for which new hiring is required. Recruitment is the first step of HR life cycle which starts the journey of an employee in a firm. The other stages are education, motivation, evaluations and celebration. Discrimination is favouring or taking an action against a person based on class, group or category to which he belongs(Gary, 2012). Discrimination leads to denial of equal opportunity to a certain individual or group. Discrimination in the workplace can be avoided by conducting the recruitment process based on merit. All candidates, notwithstanding their social class, should be given equal chance to apply and get selected based on their qualification(Blyton Turnbull, 2014). Recruitment process should be transparent with fixed selection criteria. This will make the recruitment process non-discriminatory. Reaction to insistence of hiring an incompetent person due to his connections Recruitment process should be based on equal opportunities, transparency and merit(Boxall, 2015). Therefore, if a manager insists upon hiring a less experienced person based on discrimination, I would take a stand against it. Additionally, I would show the job description and specification criteria to the manager and try to convince him that the candidate does not suit the given job specification The aim of training in human resource management is to improve performance efficiency of employee(Ardichvil, 2015). Continuous training can help in achieving higher performance which can lead to achievement of organisational as well as personal goals. Training helps in acquiring new skill sets which may help in faster self-goal achievement. Ongoing training also helps in improving ones knowledge which can helps in doing tasks more effectively, leading to faster achievement of goals. Selection process uses various tests in order to differentiate between candidates(Gary, 2012).In ability test a task is given to the candidate and his skills are tested based on how effectively and efficiently he is able to do the task. Aptitude test tries to judge whether an individual candidate has the ability to learn a job if he is given training. Similarly under personality test inclination and psychology of the candidate towards the task is judged. Professional networks are meant to propagate relationships of a business nature(Armstrong, 2014). I would create an account with a professional network like LinkedIn and try to interact with people from my career choice. I would make my credentials known to them and try to make people aware of my skills. This would enhance my chances to get an employment. There are various interviews technical which an interviewer can apply for selection of a candidate(Armstrong, 2014). Behavioural based interview technique can be used to assess past performance and experience of the candidate. Interview can also be conducted through case technique where a scenario is given to a candidate and his suitability is judged through his reaction. Under information interview questions are asked to assess knowledge and suitability of a candidate is judged for a position. References Ardichvil, A. A., (2015) Human Resource Development. London: Routledge. Armstrong, M., (2014) Armstrong's Essential Human Resource Management Practice: A Guide to People Management. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Banfield, P. Kay, R., (2012) Introduction to Human Resource Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Blyton, P. Turnbull, P., (2014) Reassessing Human Resource Management. London: Sage. Boxall, P., (2015) Strategy and Human Resource Management. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Gary, D., (2012) Fundamentals Of Human Resource Management: Content, Competencies And Application. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Snell, S., (2011) Managing Human Resources. New York: Cengage Learning.

Ap History Essay essays

Ap History Essay essays Declaration of Independence is considered one of the most important documents in world history because its effects were felt around the world and not only in its place of origin, the United States. While blacks used context from the declaration to challenge slavery in the United States, the French used its ideals to start their own revolution. The Declaration of Independence can be seen to be one of the few documents that had a profound impact on the world, and this can be easily seen because of the changes it brought forth. The Declaration of Independence was a document made by several delegates of the U.S. in 1776. It was simply made as a document that declared the independence of the 13 British colonies in America. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration after a few changes were made to it. Even though I think the Declarations main purpose was to declare the colonies independent, there were many other ideas the declaration addressed. There are many important abstractions in the Declaration of Independence. These abstractions such as: rights, freedom, liberty and happiness have become the foundations of American society and have helped shape the American identity. Power, another abstraction that reoccurs in all major parts of the Declaration plays equally important role in shaping American identity. One forgets the abstraction of power because it appears in relation to other institutions: the King, the earth, and the military. Even though power is addressed very indirectly in the declaration its existence is still valued. All of these important abstractions collectively have led to major changes in the world. A very simple phrase: all men are created equal which is included in the Declaration of Independence was quickly used by blacks in the U.S. to question slavery. They wondered if all men were indeed created equal then how could one m ...

Explaining the Expository Essay

Explaining the Expository Essay What exactly is an expository essay? All you may know about it right now is that your teacher assigned you an expository essay and now you have to not only figure out what topic youre going to write about, but you also have to figure out what exactly it is and how it works. Its likely that the expository essay has been making students collectively groan since its invention, but were going to argue here that it doesnt have to be that way. The expository essay, while kind of a broadly interpreted kind of essay, is about digging up facts, making an argument, and possibly even discovering something new. When you are writing your essay, think of yourself as an archaeologist who is digging into the earth to learn more about its history, or as a 15th century explorer who is embarking out to find new land. With this blog post we hope to provide an explanation of the expository essay, how to best write it, and the general format that it follows- with plenty of examples along the way.What is t he expository essay?An expository essay is a way to research about topics and explore new ideas.The expository essay is a way for students to explore new ideas, research about topics, make a claim, and then provide evidence for backing up this claim that theyve made. The expository essay is ideally one that is based on unbiased facts from credible sources, and is a good way for students to practice organizing their thoughts in a structured way. An expository essay can be about just any topic- while of course adhering to the teachers instructions- and can even be a bit of fun if you let it. Your essay should consist of a thesis statement in your introduction, several body paragraphs that provide evidence to the claim you made in your thesis statement, and a conclusion that wraps up everything that youve discovered along the way.Now that youre getting familiar with the basics of the expository essay, lets take a look at what each section of the essay will look like in detail.What is a thesis statement?A good expository essay will consist of a strong thesis statement, which will go into the first paragraph of the essay (also known as the introduction). The thesis statement, as you may remember, makes an argument about your chosen topic and will typically guide the direction of the rest of your paper by making claims that you can talk about in the body. Your thesis statement will emerge as you do research on your topic, and not the other way around. A very common theme when researching for a paper is that students will go into their papers thinking one thing about their subject and then after doing some research will have a completely different conclusion.As we go along in this blog about essays we will be building our own essay for you to look to as an example. Our essay topic is about school start times.Well begin with our sample thesis statement:Middle schools and high schools should consider starting the school day later so that students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend, they could concentrate better, and improve their overall education performance.How do I research and write the body paragraphs?The body paragraphs of your expository essay are the meat of the paper. They are the part of the essay that backs up the claims that you made in your thesis statement, and are really the main attraction of the entire essay. When you are researching about your paper topic, most of the information that you find is going to end up being written about in the body paragraphs. And the introduction paragraph and the conclusion paragraph are mostly just a broad overview of what the body paragraphs have to say.Researching your paperSo what kinds of information should you look at when youre researching to write the meat of your paper? In this modern era of essay writing, the first step youll need to take is to do some online research. As we outlined earlier, though, its crucial for an expository essay to be thoroughly researched using unb iased and accurate resources. One thing that we all know about the Internet is that its filled with a lot of factual, useful information, but much of that is surrounded by false information that isnt verified by anyone or any entity. After all, anyone can make a website with copy- so you want to make sure that your research is giving you good information. So how do you know if its a good resource for you? Heres a good checklist to use as you research for your paper:Has the author signed his or her name to the piece? Though articles with unknown authors can sometimes be credible, for a general rule of thumb, its good to stick with articles or books that have been published by a notable journal, newspaper, or publishing company and that have an authors name attached to the work. You want to the know that the author wants to stick by their words and doesnt anonymously hide behind the Internet walls.Does the article have a date of publication? If the article youre looking at doesnt have a date of publication it may not be a credible source. A date can help you determine whether or not a sources work is still relevant.Does the website look well designed? Not every journal or newspaper has the budget for a beautifully designed website, but it should at the very least look professional. Does the website in question have a lot of pop up ads or a strange font? Does it just look off? Trust your gut instinct and look for another source if you see any of these flawed web designs.Is the writing poor? Does the writing read a little strange? Is the author not capitalizing things correctly or using bad language? You may be looking at a poor source. Credible sources typically will have an editor look at grammar and spelling before its published, so if youre seeing big mistakes then its likely that the rest of the information isnt accurate.Did you access the site through a simple Google search or did you go through your schools library site? Now, of course Google churns out som e credible material in a search. However, when you are researching for an academic paper its always best to start with your school librarys search portal for academic journals and verified articles. Ask a librarian or your teacher for more information about this if youre unsure how to begin.Writing your paperNow that we understand what good, solid research looks like, we can get to writing about it. After youve gathered all the information you need, youre going to need to organize it in a way that makes sense in your paper. Typically, expository essays are in the format of the traditional five-paragraph essay. Though your paper doesnt necessarily have to adhere to this structure (and you should definitely check with your teachers instructions before you begin), well stick with this format to explain how to make claims and support them.Remember that thesis statement that we made up? Were going to use that to guide our discussion throughout the body paragraphs.Here it is again, but th is time were going to dissect it:Middle schools and high schools should consider starting the school day later so that 1. students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend, 2. they could concentrate better, and 3. improve their overall education performance.Based on our research, weve determined that schools should start later based on these three reasons. Now that we have these reasons pointed out, were going to structure our paper using them. Heres how that should look:Body Paragraph 1 (Point 1)Students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend if middle schools and high schools started later.Supporting evidenceTransition sentenceBody Paragraph 2 (Point 2)Students could concentrate better if middle schools and high schools started later.Supporting evidenceTransition sentenceBody Paragraph 3 (Point 3)Students could improve their overall performance if middle schools and high schools started laterSupporting evidenceTransition sentenceThough this is a very basic st ructure of a short essay, it gives you a good idea of how to position your paper and can guide you as you write.How do I write my conclusion?The conclusion may seem like its the easiest part of the essay, but its just as critical to concentrate as much on the conclusion as you did with the thesis statement and the body paragraphs. Youre wrapping up your paper but you could also be providing a suggestion of future research, what your research didnt cover, and what we can gain by reading your essay.To write a good conclusion you must restate the main ideas that your essay touched on, summarize all the claims you made, and then tell the reader what we should be left with. Tell us if theres any room for further analysis and where we go from here.Proofread, proofread, and proofread some moreIts important to proofread your essay before you hand it in.No great novel or great work was ever constructed on the first draft. Even though it may tempting to start your essay the night before its d ue and crank it out really quickly, the real writing process is slow. It takes several drafts of something before it can look well thought out or sometimes even make sense. This is true whether youre a seasoned professional or youre a brand new writer.Take your time when youre writing. Really think about the words youre writing and the order in which you write them. When youre done with your first draft, youre most likely not really done with the paper. Take a few hours, or even a few days if you have the time, and dont look at it for a bit. Allow your brain and your eyes to take a break, and then come back to it with a fresh look.When you go in to write your second draft, look for mechanical errors like spelling and grammar (and no, spell check will not see everything!) and then look at the overall structure of your paper.Though it may seem silly, reading your paper out loud is one of the best ways to catch any glaring errors that your eyes may be skipping over. Read your paper out loud to your parents, a friend, or even a dog that is willing to listen.Once youve gone over it a few times, rearrange or fix whats needed. If youre not sure of how best to fix it, consider seeking the advice of a professional editor, a friend, or a teacher. The last thing your instructor wants is for you to sit alone and struggle with your writing. Dont be afraid to reach out for help when you need it.

Rooms Division Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rooms Division - Assignment Example The functions of the reception office include: There are wide ranges of front office services which include: Reservations, check-in and registration, mail and information, uniformed service and baggage handling, telephone calls and messages, handling guest accounts, and check-out and bill settlement. These operations start from the time a guest calls or sends in a request for reservation/accommodation (www.answers.com). Therefore the staff of the front office starts interacting with guest by taking in guest information and reservation request, leading to confirmation of reservation and finally to the handling of guest on arrival and guest check-in. Front office takes in the guest information for future use and provides the guest with information about the hotel and its various services and thus becomes the connecting link between the guest and the hotel (www.hotelmanagement.com). The pivotal role played by the front office is quite apparent from this very fact that it is the centre of all activities connected with guests in the hotel. Therefore, the decisions regarding the sale of a room to a particular guest, availability and allocation of a room, maintaining guest account by coordinating with the housekeeping and room service are the major front-of-the office activities. It is the first contact a customer has with the hotel. If it is sort from the start, it makes transition much easier when they are in the hotel. The key to the success of a hotel business is service which starts with the first contact between the guest and the hotel personnel of the front office. The way guests are received and treated is very vital because it becomes the basis of their impression and conditions their disposition about what the hotel provides. It is necessary to have a well-defined plan of a Hotel front office area to enhance smooth operations since the front office area is the first place a customer comes into contact on

PCM Theory and Audio Reduction Codecs and Techniques Research Paper

PCM Theory and Audio Reduction Codecs and Techniques - Research Paper Example Instead, compressed PCM variants are normally employed. However, numerous Blu-ray format movies use the uncompressed the PCM for audio. Frequently, PCM encoding enables digital transmission from a point to another (in a certain system, or geographically) in a serial form.   However, due to the computer and digital network communications advancements, a lot of information or data is transmitted using the pulse wave modulation technique. Pulse wave modulation may be used to transmit analog audio signal or information with a particular rate to sample analog signal - this rate is what is called the transmission rate. On the receiver, the delivered signal is demodulated by the Pulse-code modulation (PCM) demodulator to recuperate the original continuous analog signal wave. Generally, PCM can be classified as a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse position modulation (PPM), pulse code modulation (PCM), and pulse width modulation (PWM). PAM, PPM, and PWM modulations are affiliated to a nalog modulation while the PCM modulation is affiliated to digital modulation. It is important to take note that PCM modulation is a real digital signal which can be processed and digitally stored by a computer. However, PPM, PWM, and PAM modulations are similar to PM, FM, and AM modulations, respectively (Aksoy & DeNardis, 2007, p. 112). For all pulse wave modulation, before the modulation, the original continuous form signal has to be sampled and the sampling rate for the sampling signal must not below, otherwise, the recovered signal will bring about distortion. The sampling rate is subject to the sampling theorem, whereby the sampling theorem states that: for a pulse wave modulation system, in the condition that the sampling rate excesses the double or more maximum frequency times of the signal, then distortion level of data recovery on the receiver will be its minimum. For instance, the frequency range of the audio signal is about 40 Hz ~ 4 kHz, the pulse wave modulation sampli ng signal frequency must be no less than 8 kHz, hence, the sampling error is reduced to the minimum (Maes & Vercammen, 2012, p. 67). During transmission, it is hard for the PCM signal to avoid noise distortion. Therefore, before the PCM signal sends to the PCM demodulator, a comparator is used to recover the PCM signal to its original level. The signal is a pulse wave signal series, so, before demodulating, the pulse wave signal series will be converted to a parallel digital signal by aid of a serial to a parallel converter After that, the signal passes through n-bits decoder (which should be D/A converter) for recovery of the digital signal to its original quantization value. However, in this quantization value includes not only the original audio signal alone, but also many high-frequency harmonics, hence; a low-pass filter is used to remove the undesirable signal at the final fragment. MPEG varieties The MPEG standards comprise of different Parts.  

Code of Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Code of Ethics Paper - Essay Example (Donaldson, 2005) Section 54.1 Disclosure of Confidential Information Prohibited., Section 68: Retention of Clients records, Section 68.5 Audit Documentation Retention and Destruction Policy are the policies that when violated can lead to criminal or vivil accountant liabilities. The controversy involving powerful institutions has made an immense impact in the corporate world leading to their downfall and the implementation of stringent laws of the government. Enron and Arthur Andersen faced the collapse of their careers which affected the industry and the birth of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The largest bankruptcy in history marked the existence of fraudulent accounting procedures by Enron and Arthur Andersen in 2001. the once blue chip stock ended up to be valued for small meager amounts. Most of Enron’s profits were from transactions with controlled limited partnerships which turned into debts that were not reported on its financial statements The economic implications of the Enron case included the accounting industry’s review of their financial policies with the fear of having the same fate as Enron. Other companies who also used the same aggressive accounting methods as Enron have been affected. They steered away from the limelight and have seemed to have lay-low for the meantime while the issues are still steaming.. The existence of corporate fraud was verified by the emergence of the Enron case. With this, President George W Bush enacted a new law which targets the detection and prevention of company fraud. The US Pension regulations underwent scrutiny when it was found out that the worker of Enron lost a huge amount of money due to their pensions scheme being invested largely in Enron’s own stocks. The accounting profession tried to reconsider its structure and policies to be able to take notes of those that need to

Marketing Management For The Service Industry Marketing Essay

Marketing Management For The Service Industry Marketing Essay Marketing analisys is a fundamental tool in constructing successful business. Understanding the market and where the firm is positioned helps to identify various factors that can influence company and its clients in order to figure out the feasibility of the product, distinguish project or possible evolution (Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. 2004). Therefore companies tend to adapt their approaches on business to the marketing environment. This report is the analysis of promotional strategy of the property described in the case study:  «Golden Arch Hotel: McDonalds Adventure in the Hotel Industry » from different perspectives. It discusses the examples of additional 3Ps of the Marketing Mix model, determines PEST and SWOT analysis, indicates the value that is created by this particular organization and evaluates the positioning concept of the firm. All discussed ideas are supported with examples from the case study, and some other theoretical information. Such are critically analysed and presented according to different methods of analyses. 2. Findings, Results and Analysis 2.1. Question 1 Explain the additional 3 Ps of the 7 Ps model and illustrate with examples from the case study. Analyze and explain how each one of those characteristics is important in the success of the Golden Arch Hotels. (written by Jae Woo Martin Jeong) Generally speaking, 7Ps marketing mix tools have become more and more important since the traditional marketing tools 4Ps were not enough to give a frame work for thinking of marketing and planning marketing strategy especially for service industries (Wilson and Gilligan 2005, p. 6). The additional 3Ps consisting of People, Process and Physical Evidence will be distinctively explained bellow with the examples from the case study and a simple graph of them will be shown on Appendix 1. People The first dimension of the expanded marketing mix is People. It indicates individuals who are directly and indirectly involved in providing customer satisfaction (Blythe 2009, p. 16). Golden Arch Hotel was running its hotels under the motivational job rotation principle according to the McDonalds restaurant philosophy, which aims to implement the consistent service standards for all the tasks. This was not only to bring customers satisfaction but also to produce synergy effect during the peak seasons by assigning employees to different positions and tasks (Michel 2005, p. 3~4). Process The second dimension is the Process, which is about how the product or service is delivered to clients to please them (Wilson and Gilligan 2005, p. 534). Golden Arch Hotel was giving high priority on cleanliness of the rooms by adopting McDonalds service standards (Michel 2005, p. 3), which is one of the most crucial factors for the guests satisfaction. Another distinguished process of Golden Arch Hotel was the hotels 24 hours operated McDonalds restaurant (Michel 2005, pp. 3). 24 hours food and beverage service was very unusual to find in Switzerland, however, it enabled both in-house and drive-through guests to get the meal at any time of the day. Physical Evidence The last dimension is Physical Evidence, which means the tangible proof of a service, such as: environmental surroundings of the products and services, ambient elements and everything that can be communicated how service has been delivered (Jeong, 2004). In the case of Golden Arch Hotel, it seemed to focus more on the guest rooms than any other hotel with facilities for guests comfort. Its efforts were proved by implementing in-room high-tech facilities such as electronic key, internet access and other computer facilities and investing large amount of money to accommodate oversized beds. Furthermore, it was also offering meeting rooms that could be flexibly transformed according to the numbers and the needs of the customers. In the case study about the Golden Arch Hotel, the important and undeniable role of additional 3Ps in the marketing mix tools are stated fairly clear through Golden Arch Hotels competitive advantages towards its competitors. That is because of the precise and reasonable use of marketing mix tools of the hotel management. 2.2. Question 3 The SWOT analysis is useful in creating a strategy that helps a business distinguish itself from its competitors. Why did the McDonalds decide to enter the hotel industry? What were the companys strengths that they hoped to transfer into this new venture? Were they able to do this? Why or why not? (Written by Diogo Pessoa e Costa) McDonalds Corporation decided to enter the hotel industry in the early 2000. This was part of a diversification strategy, which is proven way of generating new growth and to try to avoid complete market saturation. Another important reason was that the chairman of McDonalds Switzerland, Urs Hammer, came from an hotelier background and his knowledge and experience in the business was valued in taking over such a project. He firmly believed that the sharing of knowledge between the different restaurants would permit the emergence of new services or products. A SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or a business venture. It involves identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve specific goals and objectives. McDonalds hoped to transfer several of their strengths into this new business. These strengths included the fact that they provided fast and friendly service. The hotel crew would therefore consist of a permanent employee pool that could implement the consistent service standards for every task in order to better serve the guests. High focus was given to the interior design and layout of the hotel as well as room cleanliness and comfort. The firm also used their decent relationship with their suppliers and local communities as a marketing strong point to restore their image after several discoveries of unsanitary practices in McDonalds restaurants. Several weaknesses were found into this new adventure. First of all, one of McDonalds biggest problems had to do with their positioning statement. A four-star hotel in Switzerland means luxury therefore it did not match McDonalds brand image at all. Also, most analysts were not very convinced that this expansion fit well with the corporations overall strategy. This was just a test and there was no real possibility of penetrating other important markets. By examining customer feedback, you can clearly identify the hotels main weaknesses. The only food available was McDonalds and since the hotel was relatively isolated, you had almost no possibility of eating somewhere else. Also, the staff did not prove to be so friendly and some guests felt the hotel was odd and did not like the atmosphere created by the design. Finally, the brand name Golden Arch was not chosen carefully since the two words do not translate well into the German language. By identifying the different opportunities, you realize that the hotel has a great potential for success but unfortunately, it is not being used to the best of its capacity. Since the Golden Arch was an airport hotel, it could negotiate contracts with airlines or surrounding large companies in order to retain market share for layovers. Due to its proximity with the Zà ¼rich Messe and the Autobahn, the hotel could put in place an efficient marketing strategy that would also attract Frequent Individual travelers coming from all around the world. The threats involving such a project come from the hard competition surrounding hotels in Zà ¼rich. McDonalds had to compete with well-established hotel chains such as Mà ¶venpick, Hilton, and the Accor Group. Several of this hotels had a fine dining, had larger meeting rooms, and were situated either closer to the airport or to major business centers. Within three years, the 7500 hotels rooms in Zà ¼rich were to be supplemented by around 3000 more rooms. The danger was that the market was reaching over-capacity and this would have negative consequences for the Golden Arch and the surrounding hotels, both in terms of occupancy and ADR. Another threat was the fact that the Swiss Human resources were drying out. Nobody wanted the do the simple and dirty jobs (except for foreigners) and it was almost impossible to find chefs or front office personnel. This conditions favored labor piracy. 2.3. Question 4 According to theory, what is value and how is it created by a hospitality organization? How does the Golden Arch Company attempt to create value for its customers? Did they succeed? Illustrate with examples from the case study. (Written by Malgorzata Szal) (references?) Hospitality companies strategies nowadays are continuously developing through new trends and fashions that are instituted by people globally. They try to create new and innovative marketing strategy to give their brand a significant meaning. In this industry, clients satisfaction is the most important objective, therefore companies invest in their benefits and values in order to keep their promises by delivering successfully. Due to this process, people are able to differentiate one brand from one another and as well decide which company offers the most for them. Every potential guest possesses different values, which are determined by factors such as culture, traditions, birthplace and family status. Hotels around the world try to attract and satisfy the biggest part of their market target by researching, understanding and analyzing their needs and consequently provide them with what they desire. Because of that, value is mostly created through packages, which means products are mixed and sold together with service provided. Usually they include accommodation, food and entertainment. Such combination increases significantly the value of the service products. Once we understand the fundamental laws of the physical and social world, we can analyze, plan and control them (Smart, 1992) Golden Arch Company before reaching standards of four stars hotels had analyzed all customers needs. As they decided to attract businessmen their design was focused on this type of guests. They provide many benefits to create value for their client which are presented in physical evidence part of Appendix 1. Bith hotels of Golden Arch company can be accessed easily. People traveling by car can use the underground parking or above ground parking and eat in their McDonalds restaurant, open 24 hours which is unusual in Switzerland. The hotels designers tried as well to improve guests satisfaction by creating a unique layout of the building and to give an impression of larger rooms by placing the bathroom behind a glass door, which unfortunately raised complaints and the doors had to be replaced. All the managers and employees were determined to succeed and they delivered. Their occupancy rate is not high but the hotel started to make profit from the first month of its operation. Unfortunately, the rate of returning guests is very low. People are not satisfied of the whole concept of a four star hotel run by McDonald Company. Daniel Deutscher, the owner of DEKA Treuhand was very surprised when he heard of this investment. It is hard to believe and imagine the McDonalds hotel to achieve four stars. There are standards that are hard to cover. Some guests complaints were about the service quality in the front desk saying it is very poor (Michel 2005, p. 7) and about the bad decoration of the lobby, bar or even the bedroom influencing the atmosphere (Michel 2005, p. 6) Golden Arch Company tried to combine its well known fast food brand image of McDonalds with four-star luxury hotel brand. According to the figures shown in exhibits in the case study, this idea has not been a success as forecasted. 2.4. Question 5 Explain the concept of Positioning and describe how The Golden Arch Hotel was positioned in this very competitive market. What market segments was the hotel hoping to reach? Did the company succeed? Why or why not? (Written by Kateryna Krupka) Positioning is defined as  «arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the mind of consumers » (Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T. and Makens, J.C. 2010). According to the same authors, such has to be designed taking in consideration customer value differences, and therefore either increasing the benefits of the product, either decreasing some of its costs. As it is described in the case study, it was decided to position the Golden Arch Hotel as a 4-star property with luxury service and some business facilities. The hotel most probably attempted to reach the customers, coming from the airport for a night stay, as well as wealthy business people with a need of advanced comfort, coming for the meetings or conferences. However this appeared to be done unsuccessfully due to some factors, analysis of these is provided onwards. One of the most significant issues in regards to a hotel property is dining facilities. In discussed case McDonalds restaurant was the only place for the guests to eat, which might be enough for the people who are staying overnight, but seem to be not acceptable for the customers who stay longer. Furthermore, if the aimed customer was expected to stay some days entertainment facilities should have been provided, but this was not the case. Another important point is that Golden Arch had some of the additional facilities such as conference rooms and beds that modify their position, but did not fulfill some of the basic needs of its customers. One of these is need of food and drinks, as it was discussed before. The other one is safety need that was not fulfilled due to hotels location close to the large avenue and small amount of people around. However, according to one of the quests, the prices for the rooms were of high range. This also signifies that wealthy people were aimed to be attracted. Meanwhile guests were complaining about not getting immidiate service, having to ring the bell for the receptionist to come, as well as to ask for the possibility of having rooms sold at a better rate. Furthermore there was a situation decribed when the guests were clearly at the position of cheaper  «post 9pm walk-in » rate, and were not told that such posibility exists. Moreover these costomers were told to buy three rooms for five people at the full price. Clearly such suggestion did not satisfy their expectations. This attitude towards clients damages reputation of the property and affects its positioning in a negative way. Thus, it can be generalized, that all the details in the product have to coinside with the image drawn by positioning. Additionaly, inside the rooms there were many signes indicating that the hotel belongs to McDonalds company, however from outside this was not the case. According to the appendixes of the case ctudy, the logo of the hotel is different, and the name does not have  «McDonalds » in it, moreover, it is silently located by the side of the road. These should probably be done vice-versa, as the signs and logo might attract the guest to the property from outside and seem not to be needed inside of the rooms in such quantity. It it suggested that  «If the company promises greater value, it must then deliver greater value » (Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T. and Makens, J.C. 2010). Failure of compliance of this is probably the reason of unsuccessful positioning of the Golden Arch brand. The image, ambiance and service are seem to be transfered from the McDonalds restaurant insted of being developed specifically for the hotel. Nevertheless McDonalds brand statement is  «Everyday affordability » (MacDonald 2008) and the Golden Arch meant to be luxury, however these two types of brand do not normally attract the same market. Therefore some issues were not addressed properly, such as fulfilling basic needs of the guests, selling accommodation at a price that corresponds the level of its facilities and providing appropriate service. 3. Conclusions In a competitive marketing environment, located close to Zurich airport and A1 highway, Golden Arch hotels seemed to be successfully at implementing McDonalds service standard into their hotels, high-tech facilities and unique design features. These were enforcing the image of the property and helping to sell its services. However poor customer satisfaction as well as improper positioning led to destruction of the brand image in the minds of clients. After the analyses were done, it was recognised that there are some changes that should have been done by the company in order to improve such situation. Firstly the company should have re-evaluated its service standards before implementing to the luxury segment. Secondly, they should have implemented impactive service audit program. Furthermore they could have matched the design with the class of hotel and type of customers. Finally, the hotel should have either repositioned itself as a lower-class property, either added some facilities that match 4-star range, such as, for example, one more restaurant. 4. Appendixes Appendix 1 (Michel, S. 2005)

Immigration: Is America Really a Melting Pot? Essay -- mulitculturalis

Zangwill (1908) wrote, â€Å" God is making the American!...the real American had not yet arrived. He will be the fusion of all races, perhaps the coming superman†¦the glory of America, where all races and nations come to labor and look forward.† This is an exert from the play â€Å"The Melting Pot.† Israel Zangwill was Jewish born in England, January 21, 1864 in London, England. Besides the â€Å"The Melting Pot,† Zangwill used his pen to defend women’s suffrage, Jewish emancipation, assimilation and Zionism. Zionism is the Jewish liberation movement (Wikipedia, 2012). In 1909, â€Å"The Melting Pot† was opened in Washington D.C. It was a hit. President Theodore Roosevelt gave the play high reviews. The New York Metropolitan Playhouse ran the production in 2006. Zangwill married Edith Ayron, who was a feminist and an accomplished author in her own right. He passed away at age 62 in West Sussex, England (Rochelson, n.d.). Zangwill had an idea and vision of what cultural assimilation would become. This idealistic approach of Americas â€Å"melting pot† is a multifaceted theory on its own. There are many aspects to the American assimilation. This involves leaving part of ones cultural identification to join a larger American culture in search of work and a means to sustain. Many aspects of this vision have begun to unfold in our culture over the past century. Some of the cultural assimilation examples will be addresses as well as what the Bible might say regarding this vision. There are also some weaknesses or differences that can be found in the â€Å"modern melting pot† concept. â€Å"Today the trend is toward multiculturalism, not assimilation. The old "melting pot" metaphor is giving way to new metaphors such as "salad bowl" and "mosaic", mixtures of vari... ...metaphor: why coerc, HoHoNu, A Journal of Academic Writing, 4(1) Web. 22 Nov. 2015. http://hilo.hawaii.edu/academics/hohonu/writing.php?id=91 Parrillo, V., (2009) Strangers to these shores: race and ethnic relations in the United States, (9th ed.), Boston, MA, Allyn & Bacon Preston, J. (2011) 11.2 million immigrants in the U.S. in 2010, report says, no change from ’09, The New York Times, Web. 28 Nov. 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/02/us/02immig.html Rochelson, M., (n.d.) Israel Zandwill, Jewish virtual library, Web. 30 Nov. 2015. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/zangwill.html ThinkQuest (n.d.) The Chinese, Immigration, the Journey to America, Web. 18 Nov. 2015. http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Chinese.html Wikipedia (2012) Israel Zangwill, Web. 19 Nov. 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Zangwill

Do you agree that Yeats creates a scene of tragic intensity in Purgatory?

Do you agree that Yeats creates a scene of tragic intensity in Purgatory, or is the play too short and the characters too thinly evinced for this to be the case? The play Purgatory was written in 1938 by Yeats as a single-scene play revolving around the idea of tragic intensity. Yeats was a philosophical writer, choosing meaningful subject matters to discuss in his work. In this case, he chose to symbolise the destruction of Ireland created by the controversy of religion after being inspired by other plays such as Shakespeare's Hamlet and using the definitions set out by Aristotle after he studied the elements that made up a great tragedy. In order to create a successful tragedy, Yeats used the Aristotelian unities: time, action and place. The timing of the play ensures a strong plausibility as the action is all dealt with in real-time, therefore reducing the imagination needed on behalf of the audience increasing the plausibility. The setting throughout the play is in a confined place upon the stage with very few changes made, allowing little release of tension. This intimate setting forces closeness between the characters and audience: though it finishes with the Old Man abandoning the scene leaving it desolate. The complexity of Shakespeare's Hamlet, there are more precise actions and plot in Purgatory, making it easier to understand, and allowing the seemingly simple plot to have all attention on it, resulting in a claustrophobic and tense atmosphere. In Purgatory there are only two characters for the audience to focus on, which provides enough space and time in his play to create characters that are evinced clearly enough to serve their purpose as model examples of an old and a young boy, which provides the plot with a deeper impact. Due to the relationship between the father and son, there is intensity between the characters as they should share a close bond and yet they both ignore and insult each other with snide remarks such as â€Å"silly old man. † Yet, the characters do share an attempted intimacy as the Old Man retells his painful and distressing story in the form of a monologue that is interrupted by the Boy. The Boy is ignored and this increases the drama and emphasizes the communication difficulties between the characters. Although Yeats characterises the Old Man and Boy to an extent, the lack of details reinforces the cold and detached elements of the play, and without names they are left unidentified to the audience and therefore could appear as symbolisations of anyone. Fear of the supernatural emerges from the fear of the unknown, and Yeats uses this idea to extend his tragic scene by presenting the ghosts as a misunderstood and mysterious element due to the Old Man not knowing how to prevent the ghosts from returning. He also doesn't know how to deal with them, which can be seen in the way he attempts communicate with his mother by shouting â€Å"Don't let him touch you! † despite knowing that she cannot hear him and he cannot interfere. Death is a foreboding unknown in everyone's life that most are afraid of, and in Purgatory Yeats uses this to foreshadow the Boy's death as the he mentions â€Å"Now I am young and you are old. † This creates confusion and tension as it is unclear who will die. Although the ghosts' role in the play is limited, their presence is a constant reminder of past events, present actions and the future to come that all relates to death. This tension and the compactness of the play help to increase the intensity as well as invoke fear in the audience, which contributes to the final catharsis Yeats uses cyclical chronology within the play to illustrate the idea of time being a continual concept that cannot be stopped. It highlights the eternal nature of purgatory and expands the idea of the inevitability of the drama. Yeats' use of the hoof beats signals the reoccurring cycle, allowing the events to begin and for the audience, who cannot hear the noise, to question the sanity of the Old Man. The simple lighting in the window, the props, stage effects and setting all help form the audience's perception of a void place, therefore a tragic location filled with intensity, as anything more flamboyant would detract from the tragedy and therefore reduce its strength by distracting the attention onto details that do not contribute. Purgatory effectively demonstrates tragic intensity due to the brevity of the drama. This ensures that the audience's focus is concentrated to such an extent on the plot that the drama becomes claustrophobic. There is no scenic juxtaposition, underlying subplot or change in scenery, which exaggerates this overpowering atmosphere and prevents a release from the tragedy – instead, a build-up of tension is created. Visually, the play is very precise and concentrated, and the anxiety of the dialogue is maintained until the final moments of the play, due to Yeats using his characters to produce emotions of fear and terror in the audience. The amount of emotional fluctuations in the short play only heightens the intensity by creating an overwhelming scene which leaves the audience emotionally exhausted before culminating in catharsis. Props and setting are essential to the play as the relevance of the knife and money goes straight to the core of the plot. Because there are no distractions on the stage, tension is created due to the attention and detail and each prop's significance is more obvious and important. The â€Å"jack-knife† relates to a jackdaw – a species of birds that commit mercy killings amongst their flock, echoing the way the Old Man ends up stabbing his son, as it can be interpreted into the act of salvation of his mother. The setting too contains poignant features that are considerably tragic themselves. The tree is a constant reminder of the destruction of the Old Man's family members as Yeats' use of symbolism makes it a representation of his family tree. The house shows the ruins of the family's livelihood and the fall of nobility, increasing the visual intensity seen upon the stage. It is also seen to represent a wider scale issue, the destruction of Ireland, and this symbolism shows the vast ruin of a country concentrated to a mere house. This is intensified as the tragedy is not reduced but shown on a small scale. Harold Bloom1 criticized Purgatory by attacking Yeats, believing there is â€Å"confusion†¦ n the play. † Bloom found the ending of the play a mass of confusion rather than causing the surge of emotions that are evoked at the end of a tragedy. This brings up the debate as to whether Yeats created an intense piece of drama or just a bewildering fifteen minute sketch. However, even if Purgatory is confusing due to the brevity, the mysterious plot can add to the overall tragedy, leaving the audience unsure of what they have witnessed, and fearful due to the rash actions of the Old Man and the presence of the paranormal. In conclusion, Yeats creates a scene with brimming with tragic intensity by using the minimal props, time, characters and plot. The brevity of Purgatory ensures a ‘scene of tragic intensity' due to the resulting starkness, claustrophobia and desolate tone. The horrifying drama concludes with an dark, empty set, which is how it had started, therefore presenting the cyclicality of purgatory on the stage for the audience to see. Yeats successfully moulded every aspect of tragedy at his disposal and created an intensely dramatic production.

Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essays

Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essays Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essay Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essay Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) is an upscale specialty food store that stocks the very best domestic and imported foods products. Kudler is divided into five departments; fresh bakery and pastries, fresh produce, fresh meat/seafood, condiments, packaged foods, cheeses, and specialty dairy products. As an upscale specialty food store, KFF has provided its customers with the finest selection of gourmet products imported from around the world. The organization has had enormous success because of the products they sell as well as the service they provide. The organization has developed new strategies and objectives that will help promote growth and profitability. Kathy Kudler, founder of KFF now wants to focus on expanding their services, improving the efficiency of its operation, and increasing the consumer purchase cycle as a means to increasing the loyalty and profitability of its consumers (UOP, 2009). Kudlers strategic objectives are to increase customer loyalty through a frequent shopper program and expanding services. The new strategy is very customer service oriented and requires the organization also to develop and implement a new compensation strategy. This paper will develop compensation for the six critical positions within the KFF organization, provide a job analysis along with a job description, explain the skill-based job-design preference, examine competitive compensation rates within the market, describe the message that compensation strategies covey to employees, provide a recommendation and implementation of the new compensation plan and illustrate a performance appraisal that will be used by KFF for each level within the organization. This paper will ultimately propose a compensation plan with strategies that will help KFF obtain their long-term profitability and human resource objectives. Job Analysis Job analysis is in essence is the combination of job descriptions and job specifications or skills necessary to perform the duties and responsibilities of a job. Job analysis involves the determination of the skills require to perform a particular job. It details the tasks, procedures, skills, and attitude needed for successful performance of the job or position. Many companies and managers use job descriptions and job analysis to set employee goals and objectives, so they are tied into the needs of the work unit or company (Bhushan, 2000, p. 2). Job analysis plays an important role in developing a compensation strategy. Job analysis should be used when developing a compensation package, the job requirements and skills listed in a job analysis should be used to help determine salary. Organizations use information obtained by job analysis for recruitment, selection, placement, organization planning, job design, training, grievance settlement, as well as job evaluation and other compensation programs (Bhushan, 2000, p. 2). The following is a Job Analysis Table that will help KFF in determining the proper compensation structure for their six critical positions; Store Manager, Assistant Store Manager, Department Manager, Cashier, Stock Person, and Bagger. Job design is an integral part of the job analysis process. Job design is made up of two approaches; job-based approach and skill-based approach. It helps to decide the content of the job in terms of responsibilities. Job-based approach deals with the responsibilities of a job or position. With this approach employees are hired to fill open positions, trained to perform the tasks, and rewarded based on performance levels (Lawler, 1994). Job-based approach relies heavily on the contents of the job and the duties and tasks related to completing the job, this approach is strictly concerned with the job itself and human capital or skills. A job-based plan pays employee for the job to which they are assigned, regardless of the skills they possess (Milkovich, 2005). Job-based pay structure is based on job performed and job market and pay increases are through promotion. Skill-based approach deals with the skills it takes to complete the responsibilities and duties of a position. This approach has a major focus on the skills employees possess as oppose to the job. Skill-based approach is most effective in work situations where knowledge work is involved and where individuals can add significant value to the product or service (Lawler Ledford, 1992, p. 384). The skill-based approach pay structure is based on skills certification and the market and pay increases are provided through on skill acquisition. Structures based on skill pay individuals for all the skills for which they have been certified regardless of whether the work they are doing requires all or just a few of those particular skills (Milkovich, 2005). Both approaches offer valid advantages and disadvantages however I strongly prefer the use of skills-based approach. This approach will be the approach for Kudler Foods as it is in the growth stage of business. As organizations grow their business needs change and the jobs they offer change as well. The skill sets for the organization evolve and become more important and valuable.

George Dangerfields view that by the end of 1913, Liberal England was reduced to ashes Essay Example

George Dangerfields view that by the end of 1913, Liberal England was reduced to ashes Essay Example George Dangerfields view that by the end of 1913, Liberal England was reduced to ashes Paper George Dangerfields view that by the end of 1913, Liberal England was reduced to ashes Paper Dangerfield, author of Strange death of Liberal England, sees the years leading to the outbreak of war in 1914 as problematic for the Liberals to say the least. Following their remarkable victory in the 1906 election, the Liberals formed arguably the most brilliant and constructive government of the twentieth century (Adelman, Decline of the Liberal Party 1910-1931). Yet they were plagued with problems throughout the period of 1906 to the outbreak of war. During the pre war period the Liberals faced many problems and their support was badly damaged in the period, highlighted in the 1910 election results. The constitutional crisis, challenges from Labour and with it industrial militancy, Ireland, the Suffragette movement, internal difficulties Asquiths leadership and problems within the cabinet were all problems the Liberals had to face. All these factors contributed to the growing pressure on the shoulders of the Liberal government, Dangerfield takes the view that the Liberal government to all intents and purposes cracked under the pressure and by the end of 1913 all that they had fought so hard to achieve in the latter stages of the nineteenth century had been reduced to ashes and the flame of British Liberalism had been extinguished, never to burn in all its incandescent glory again. : Yet there are many criticisms that are aimed at Dangerfield and his ideas, many believe he overlooked the achievements of the Liberals, the impact of New Liberalism and he made many other misjudgements that make his assessment of the pre war era for the Liberals inaccurate. The problems began early in the Liberal term, as numerous bills the Liberals put forward were rejected by the House of Lords, which were dominated by Conservatives who used the House of Lords as a second strand of opposition to the Liberals. It was in April 1909 with the rejection of the controversial Peoples Budget (it was the first finance bill to be rejected in 200 years) that the situation reached its most problematic stage. The Liberals felt that essential bills were not being introduced because of Conservative prejudice, Lloyd George went as far as to say The House of Lords is not the watchdog of the constitution, it is Mr. Balfours poodle. The defeat of the Budget forced Asquith to dissolve parliament, in the general elections that ensued in 1910, the Liberals majority was seriously cut into; they went from 400 MPs elected in 1906 to 272 in the December election of 1910. The Liberals were only able to remain in power with the support of Labour and the Irish Nationalists. Although the statistics suggest the Liberals were damaged severely by the constitutional crisis of 1909-1911, Dangerfield overlooks their successes that resulted from the crisis. It was a victory as it forced the House of Lords to make considerable concessions and they achieved the reform they wanted in the form of the Parliament Act; The outcome of the Lords crisis was ultimately a victory for the Liberals (Adelman, Decline of the Liberal Party 1910-1931). Following the crisis the Liberals were dependant on Labour and Irish Nationalist support. It was not financially viable for Labour to force another general election as Adelman says it felt itself impelled under these circumstances to keep the Liberals in office, vote for their bills and accept what crumbs they had to offer. In doing this it was clear that the Labour party was being led in a very moderate fashion, which although benefited the Liberals as they needed their support, it created problems for the Liberals as well, in the form of industrial unrest. Workers were becoming increasingly discontented with how they were being represented, and the Labour party made very little effort to work for workers rights, preferring to be the yes men to Asquith and the Liberal government. Essentially their lack of ability to deal with the issues that were supposed to lie at the heart of their party created more problems for the Liberals. The workers were becoming increasingly active in their protest, with the increase in Trade Union membership, and the union between the Social Democratic Party and a number of militant ILP branches of the British Socialist Party, forerunner of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Clearly there had to be something done as more and more strikes were taking place and more militant tactics were being implored. For example in the area of South Wales the Unions actions were especially aggressive and militant due to a large number of syndicalist supporters. The Labour unrest of 1911-1914 seemed a tribute to Syndicalist ideas. The unrest was marked by disputes on railways, docks and mines culminating in the formation of the Triple Alliance of transport workers, miners and railwaymen to coordinate wage demands; evidently matters were being taken into their own hands, and the Liberal wait and see policy was proving ineffective to say the least. The Trade Union challenge raised a large number of issues that the Liberal government failed to deal with, industrial unrest was at its highest ever point. The Liberals remained largely detached from the workers, as did the Labour Party; they left it to the employees themselves to sort out, explaining the more extreme strategies that appeared. The Liberals were in a very difficult position; they did not want to lose the support of the employers, who gave them financial support, by intervening in disputes. They made no real attempt to prevent strikes; instead they acted very harshly when they did by using the army. The whole issue of industrial unrest and workers troubles alienated the Liberal Party from the workers, allowing Socialist societies to spring up all over the country. In essence I see the Labour challenge as less significant as the problems that arose due to the Liberals policy of letting the situation correct itself. The amount of support for Trade Unions and the industrial militancy that plagued the country by the war clearly showed the Liberals were not in control of the situation and can be used as one of the factors to justify Dangerfields view that Liberal England was in ashes by the end of 1913. It could be seen as inevitable that increasing working class consciousness would lead to Labour gaining power, but Dangerfield underestimated the problems facing Labour and also the strength of their challenge as I believe they themselves had lost touch with working class problems; Carl Brand says that by the end of 1914 the Labour Party was dependant upon the Liberals, dissatisfied with its achievements, unsure of its aims, and apparently in decline. In 1912 The Liberal government introduced its Home Rule Bill, partly due to its commitment to the principle of granting Home Rule to Ireland and party due to its dependence on Irish Nationalists. This Bill was ferociously opposed by the Ulster Unionists who Asquith had failed to see how far they would be willing to oppose the Bill and the fact he was unable to see how divisions between Protestants and Catholics had grown. The Ulster Unionists were prepared to go to any lengths to oppose Home Rule, including armed revolts. The Conservatives were also opposed to the Bill, as they had been in 1883 when Gladstone had put forward a similar Bill. Bonar Law said I can imagine no length of resistance to which Ulster will go which I shall not be ready to support. With the two prepared to work coherently against the Liberals, it was clearly at great challenge to the Liberal government, one they duly avoided by adopting a wait and see strategy rather than taking direct action, accentuating the weaknesses of Asquith. Between the time it was introduced (1912) and when it was to become law (1914) tensions became increasingly flared over the issue. These years saw a mounting menace in Ireland (Adelman, Decline of the Liberal Party 1910-1931); private armies sprang up all over the country. The Curragh Mutiny and Larne Gunrunning showed the height the problem had reached and by 1914 Ireland was on the brink of a civil war. With the outbreak of war, the Irish constitutional problem was put to one side. In regards to Dangerfields statement the fact that the problem did effectively go away in 1914 suggests he got the date wrong and underestimated the impact the war had. Although the constitutional problem clearly highlighted the Liberal weakness in not being able to take control of situations and take direct action from preventing militancy; It seemed that the whole character of society was changing as passion and violence replaced the rationalism and consensus that were believed to epitomise Liberal England (Sykes, The Rise and Fall of British Liberalism 1776-1988). This was not only true of the problems in Ireland, but with industrial turbulence and womens suffrage as well. The suffragette movement was coming to the forefront of British politics in the latter part of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century, using political means to gain the concessions they desired. Yet it was the fact that the Liberals seemed to side step the issue that led to the suffragettes using more militant means to hopefully achieve their goals, this led to criticisms of the way women were going about their campaign and proved concerns Asquith had over giving women the vote; The most significant achievement of the suffragettes was to sabotage any hopes of winning womens suffrage by 1914 (Burton, respected historian). Yet the situation regarding the suffragettes showed once more how ineffectual the government was, essentially their reaction was one of hypocrisy. How could they claim to be liberal and drive for real social reform, then refute the emancipation and freedom for women to vote? When the WSPUs campaign did turn militant and more reactionary (hunger strikes, slashing works of art, cutting telephone wires to name but a few of their conquests) Asquith and the Liberals took a harsh stand, as they did with industrial strikes, this gave people the impression they were not for social reform and personal freedom at all, but rather they were reinforcing the ideas in a patriarchal society of male dominance that they were supposed to be eradicating, rather than anchoring. Essentially the government were put in an uncompromising situation, either they succumbed to the violent tactics of the suffragettes, that would suggest that violence would be the way forward, or they try and stamp out the issue and are seen as a government who dont stand for social reform at all. Clearly the mounting pressure on the Liberals, were damaging their support base and the party was in decline, but the war halted the suffragette movement as it called for national unity, this again suggests to me Dangerfield is off the mark as he does not consider the impact the war had on problems facing the Liberals. Dangerfield clearly bases his statement that Liberal England was reduced to ashes by 1913 on facts and actual problems that did lead to a decline in Liberal support. Yet he does underestimate the impact the Liberal Party had in their term of office, they did introduce numerous Bills of reform, focusing on National Insurance and Pensions, as well as other state run schemes. Unfortunately the nature of the pre war years seem to accentuate the problems and cast a shadow over the achievements, Dangerfield is a clear critique of Liberal England and what it has to offer, his own political standpoint could be questioned? Personally I see the pre war period as turbulent to say the least, but they remained in government through three elections, passed groundbreaking reforms and were in power when the war began. The impact the war had on British politics was astronomical, it acted as the catalyst for the decline of the Liberals, something Dangerfield appears to ignore in his writings. The war effectively forced the Liberals to implode and split, thus making a future for a Liberal party impossible Suggesting it was the war that extinguished the flame of Liberalism and reduced Liberal England to ashes. In conclusion the Liberals did not have an easy time in government, but fought their battles valiantly, introducing social reform on the way. In the end the jackhammer blows that came with each ensuing challenge or problem toppled the white knight of Liberalism, yet I believe this was not in 1913, but during the war. The Liberals entered the war shaken, but still ready to fight, sending their trusty stead into the face of adversity, only for it to be defeated by internal problems rather than that of external issues, something I find profoundly ironic given the nature of the external turmoil the Liberals faced in the pre war years.

Compare sex difference and women talk too much Essay

Compare sex difference and women talk too much - Essay Example Conversely, â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is a piece of art that was authored by Holms. From the article, the author has proved that it is a mythical believe and myth that women tends to talk a lot. From the two articles, there are various similarities and differences between the two essays. The main comparison between â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is that in both articles, the authors have tried proving that the manner in which people believe on the sex difference and more so on women is not correct (McGeown, 2012). On the other hand, the main difference between â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is based on ways in which the views of the authors are directed to the society. The ideas outlined by the authors are significant for people to develop the society. The authors of both â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† argue in defending their ideas. Macaulay has used research work in supporting his idea. He started with the research chronology on books that were written by Jespersen way back in 1920. Jespersen book, he mentioned on ways in women were heavily stereotyped based on their use of language and the ways in which they understood their language. Based on the book, he showed the audience that, previously there was this belied that women are used to using easy words. Additionally, they focus especially on the main and central arena of their language. Similarly, men tend to hold the new words with a lot of ease. It was also mentio ned that female counterparts have a less reserve of their vocabularies compared to men. Additionally, he included that women are quick in linguistic and better compared to men. However, according to Macaulay, he believes that this is absolutely stereotype. Conversely, Holmes has used illustrations and examples in proving their ideas to prove who talks a lot

Plant biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plant biology - Essay Example HGT is observed mainly between prokaryotes (single-celled organisms) like bacteria but also can be in Eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, animals, humans) to a lesser extent. HGT was first described by Ochiai et al. in 1959, in relation to transfer of antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species. Thereafter many scientists have studied and discussed about this phenomenon and now it is accepted that HGT is not a rare event and what is present in the biological world today is not a result of vertical gene transmission alone but also of HGT. Biological kingdom of earth can be categorized into three domains as bacteria, archea and eukaryotes. During vertical gene transmission, genetic information exchange between members of these domains is restricted to closely-related organisms with homologous DNA sequences. Therefore the ancestry of an organism could be traced back by analyzing their DNA and individuals with similar gene sequences can be grouped together to construct the evolutionary pathway. However, as HGT can transfer genes across wide phylogenetic distances, this picture become obscure. The phylogenetic tree of life (Figure 1) which present the relationship among different biological taxa is thus complicated by HGT as numerous interconnecting branches became obvious due to the presence of homologous DNA sequences in distantly-related organisms (Simonson et al.). Transfer of genes between different biological kingdoms, such as between eucaryotes and bacteria, or between bacteria and insects are some extreme cases of gene exchange between wide phylogenetic distances. An example is the presence of bacterial 'rol' genes from Agrobacterium species in tobacco (Nicotiniana) plants (Intrieri and Buiatti). Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of life as proposed by Carl Woese In vertical gene transmission, genetic variability of a species mainly arises during meiosis by recombination of genes. According to Mendal’s law of inheritance, alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation and thereby produce novel gene combinations which in turn generate variability. Mutations, which are the random changes of gene sequence of a DNA strand, are considered as an error in the vertical gene transmission process. It can happen as a point mutation, chromosomal duplication, breaking and rearrangement of chromosomes and addition or deletion of chromosomes. When such mutant is passed down to the next generation, it is not a mutant anymore, but a variant or a novel type. The variants who survive according to Darwin’s theory of â€Å"survival of the fittest†, subsequently pass the novel characters to their offspring by sexual or asexual reproduction. HGT however, is not a mutation and is not involved in gamete formation or sexual reproduction. It moves transposable elements between distantly-related or unrelated genomes and thereby intervenes in the process of evolution by originating different cell types and cre ating variants in its own way. Two hypotheses are presented here as ‘Continual horizontal transfer hypothesis’ and ‘Early massive horizontal transfer hypothesis.’ (Jain, Rivera and Lake). According to the ‘Continual horizontal transfer hypothesis’, HGT is a continuous process during prokaryotic evolution whereas in the ‘Early massive horizontal transfer hypothesis’, a massive exchange of a few operational genes (genes involved in

W.E.B. Du Bois - Returning Soldiers The Crisis (1919) Essay - 1

W.E.B. Du Bois - Returning Soldiers The Crisis (1919) - Essay Example Du Bois, did not attempt to take any particular side but his primary focus was on engaging in internationalism across boundaries between nations which he terms as ‘inter- nation’ (Du Bois) ‘Returning Soldiers’ by Du Bois, in ‘The Crisis’ (1919) was an outcry of all the struggles suffered by the thousands of black men who fought bravely in bitter resignation unto their last drop of blood for America, with a hope of a better tomorrow. In Du Bois’s words –‘We fought gladly†¦for America and her highest ideals, we fought in the far – off hope, for the dominant southern oligarchy entrenched in Washington.’ (Du Bois) However, they were disillusioned because unfortunately the circumstances did not change and the struggle continued relentlessly with the war claiming destruction to both life and property. Du Bois, accuses America of being vindictive in their approach which forced the blacks to retaliate and fight. In a backlash, Du Bois expresses his views in ‘The Crisis’ which came in for heavy criticism from all quarters, because he accused, the America they fought for, of gloating in lynching, disfranchising its own citizens, encouraging ignorance, stealing from them and insulting them. In argument about lynching that Du Bois speaks of, we understand that lynching was very much present then and it ceaselessly continues even today. He describes lynching in the following words – ‘Barbarism of a degree of contemptible nastiness unparalleled in human history.’ (Du Bois) Some examples of people who were victims of lynching are Rodney King, African Americans, Mexican and Asian immigrants, Oscar Grant and many others. The lynching that Du Bois speaks of, continues even today by punishing, torturing and killing vulnerable individuals who dare to raise their voice against them. Disfranchisement of its own citizens

How Pop Culture Affects Teens Essay Example for Free

How Pop Culture Affects Teens Essay Popular culture is all around us and it influences many teens across the world. Teenagers are affected by pop culture in almost every aspect of life whether it is music, media, celebrities, fashion, and even literature. These kinds of things have become top priority for teenagers of today’s world. They have surrounded themselves by it and have grown to love, even worship pop culture. Our main objective is to raise awareness to the significance of popular culture in comparison to the cultures of the world. Popular Culture is the new Babylon, into which so much art and intellect now flow, it is our Imperial Theater, Supreme Temple of the Western Eye. We live in the age of idols. The pagan past, never dead, flames again in our mystic hierarchies of stardom. Parental angst about teenagers musical preferences is as old as popular culture itself. Ever since Elvis first swiveled his hips for 1950s TV audiences, consensus has zigzagged sharply on how strongly music impacts its teen listeners. Critics see desensitization toward violence as one major consequence of long-term exposure to music with antisocial themes, while defenders of popular culture simply view it as one more signpost in the era of teen rebellion. Popular cultures influence on teens? It is a known concept that younger teens can be easily influenced. There are several studies that have been done that show the fact that the younger the age, the more likely the person is to follow a crowd. Peer pressure plays a huge role in this also, but the fact is that during the early teen years, one is more likely to pick a role model based on who is considered popular by a majority. The thing is, that may not always be the best thing. This is why there have been several efforts made to regulate the content in popular culture that is reachable to younger children. This includes putting warning labels on CDs, having ratings on television shows, and requiring ID in order to view certain movies. Even though parents and political figures have made several efforts, it may not be enough. Who is really to blame? Is it right to blame the celebrities whose sole purpose is to entertain us? In my opinion, popular culture has had an influence on teens. And depending on the day it is, the influence may not be a good one. Even though I do not feel music or movies should be to blame for the troubles that teenagers have gotten into, there are some teens who feel the need to follow whatever trends that are shown in popular culture, whether it is positive or negative. It is the responsibility of the public figures who are involved in these forms of entertainment to try and be a positive influence. But the one thing that we all must keep in mind is that celebrities are people too and are bound to make mistakes. Teenagers are the group most strongly influenced by popular culture (more commonly called pop culture). What exactly is popular culture? According to Wikipedia English: â€Å"Popular culture is the totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, images and other phenomena that are deemed preferred through an informal consensus within the mainstream of any given society.† Thesaurus.com refers to pop culture as a â€Å"modern way of living.† Effects on teens Not only are teens strongly influenced by pop culture but it affects them on many levels. It affects them cognitively (how they think), emotionally (how they feel) and behaviorally (what they do). The last decade has seen exponential growth in the media – with the advent of the internet, mass media has almost been overtaken by social media. The teens have latched onto social media with intensity and this has had both negative and positive effects. Conclusion The relationship between teens, pop culture and the media (mass and social) is deeply symbiotic – and here to stay. The teens of today have grown up with mobile phones and internet access, information always at their finger-tips. Popular culture continues to affect teens in both positive and negative ways. On the other hand, teens also affect pop culture. The sophisticated teen of today is the creator and innovator of the future. Today I am going to talk about the topic: è ¯ Ã© ¢Ëœ Firstly, Ill present the causes of pop culture. Next, Ill give the consequences of this trend. Finally,Ill sum up the conclusion in the short sentences.

Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings Introduction Climate change is a major world issue, average temperatures have risen across the globe by 1oC between 1906 and 2005 with a more rapid increase over the last 50 years (Conserve Energy Future, 2017], this rise has been attributed to global warming (McGrath, 2017). Emissions of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) contribute to this global warming and are known as greenhouse gases (NASA, 2017), though the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States of America stated in 2017 that CO2 was not a primary contributor to global climate change (McGrath, 2017). Energy use is a major producer of these greenhouse gases, governments around the world have put in place measures to reduce the production of these gases by introducing rules to improve energy efficiency (Conserve Energy Future, 2017]. In the UK energy use, can be broken down into 4 main areas, Transport, Domestic, Industrial and Services Sector (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). This report will look at energy usage of buildings and techniques that can be utilised to improve a buildings energy efficiency. UK Energy Usage The breakdown of the UKs energy usage across the 4 main areas in 2015 was as follows (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016): Transport 40% Domestic 29% Industry 17% Services Sector 14% The fuels used to provide this energy were a mixture of Gas, Electricity, Solid fuels, Petroleum and Bioenergy (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Both industry and transport use large amounts of energy undertaking their processes be it production lines or the operation of various modes of transport such as trains or buses rather than the running of buildings (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Energy usage is fundamental to the operation of any building be it for lighting, heating, cooling, cooking or other services such as lifts (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003), with most of this energy being provided by either gas or electricity (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Thus, Improving the energy efficiency of a building can considerable reduce the amount of energy that is used. Over the last 30 years there has been a considerable increase in energy usage by office blocks due to the rise in the use of technologies such as large computers and the increased use of air conditioning systems (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003). In the service sector office buildings are second to retail units in the levels of energy that they consume, and these office buildings contribute to 1.1% of the UK CO2 emissions each year (Pothitou, Connaughton and Torriti, 2015). Figure 1: Energy Usage of a standard Office and Efficient Office, Source: (Knissel, 1999) To become more energy efficient a building needs to use less energy to undertake the same tasks or role (International Energy Agency, 2017), as figure 1 above shows, improvements from a standard office block to a super-efficient office block can reduce energy usage by 70% (Knissel, 1999) Lighting In a commercial office, the lighting uses up to 50% of all the electricity consumed (Irish Energy Centre, 1995) and 35% of the total the energy consumption of the building (Knissel, 1999). Lighting can be broken down into several types these being access lighting, task lighting, emergency lighting and effects lighting (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). For a building to become more energy efficient attention needs to be paid to the lighting design to reduce the level of usage, technological advances mean that improvements in the efficiencies of lighting can be done in several ways (Energy Saving Trust, 2017), some of these can also be applied to existing office buildings without too much work having to be undertaken other methods need major alterations to incorporate into older buildings and are more suited to new buildings or buildings going through major refurbishment (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). The simple replacement of existing lamps within light fittings can reduce energy usage, with more modern fluorescent tubes being 25% more energy efficient than older versions and compact fluorescent lamps using up to 75% less energy than an old tungsten lamps (Irish Energy Centre, 1995), these tungsten lamps having been invented over 100ÂÂ   years ago(Energy Saving Trust, 2017) Light Emitting Diodes lamps (LEDs) are also now available and are up to 80% more efficient than the tungsten lamps (Energy.gov, 2013), when invented in the 1960s LEDs were no more efficient than tungsten lamps it has only been in the last ten years that great improvements in their efficiency has been achieved (Energy.gov, 2013). This method of energy efficiency can be applied to existing buildings without too much trouble but does have a cost over and above normal maintenance costs of changing the lamps but by the energy saved the LED lamps can pay back their extra initial cost within 3 years. (Corkhill, 2014). Another area where lighting can be made more efficient is insuring that it is only used when required and that lights are turned out when not in use (Open Technology, 2016). The use of sensors such as proximity or absence detection also means that the lights come on automatically when occupied and turn off after a period of non-occupancy (Open Technology, 2016), the dis-advantages of this can that someone sitting still at a desk may not activate the sensor and the light may go out while they are still there. Office areas can also be divided into different lighting zones with different controls for each zone, lights then only need to be on in areas of the office that are occupied or being used (Knissel 1999) leading to further efficiency.ÂÂ   The use of daylight sensors to adjust the amounts of artificial light used when there is sufficient natural light helps reduce energy usage (Carbon Trust, 2017). This may be achieved by having lights that either switch off or dim depending on levels of natural light in an area and can be used alongside lighting zones so that the lights closest to the windows dim separately when the natural light levels increase (Open Technology, 2016). Dimming controls and timers can also be utilised to minimise energy usage, it may be that less lamps operate at a lower light level at certain times of the day such as during the evenings or night while cleaning of the office is being undertaken (Open Technology, 2016). The room layouts can also play a part in energy efficiency by positioning desks to make more use of natural light and by painting walls and ceilings light colours can maximise the effectiveness of the lights (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). Thermal Comfort All individuals working in an office want to feel comfortable and not to be either to hot or too cold no matter what time of the year it is (Seton, 2015). There are 6 factors which can affect the thermal comfort of people within an office environment, these can be broken down into environmental factors and personnel factors (HSE, 2016). The 4 environmental factors being Air Temperature, Air velocity, radiant temperature and relative humidity (Harish, 2017), the other 2 factors are personnel these being clothing and metabolic heat (HSE, 2016). The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) have identified several elements of a building that will affect the thermal environment these being items such as glazing, ventilation, air tightness, thermal mass, plant and equipment, waste heat along with working patterns, activities and workforce profile (Seton, 2015). CIBSE also provide recommendations on the temperatures levels, air supply and illuminance to provide a comfort level that will be acceptable to 80% of the occupants (Woods, 2015), this does though mean that there will be 20% that do not find it comfortable (Woods, 2015). Due to personnel preferences, it is not possible to find settings that are acceptable to all occupants and the recommendations are levels deemed to be a healthy office environment (HSE, 2016) Figure 2 CIBSE Comfort recommendations for Offices Conditions Temperature (Â °C) Air Supply per person (l/s/person) Illuminance Noise Rating (NR) Summer (Light Clothing) 22-25 8 500 35 Winter (Warm Clothing 21-23 8 500 35 Source: CIBSE Guide A: Environment Design 2015 (Woods, 2015) Many office blocks have heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) to maintain these comfort levels (Carbon Trust, 2017), figure 1 earlier in this report shows that in a standard office these systems use up to 42% of the all the energy consumed by the office block (Knissel, 1999). For the most efficient use of these HVACs systems it is important to design the buildings fabric to reduce the load imposed on these HVACs systems (Harish, 2017). For example, radiant temperature can involve both heat gain and heat loss through the structure, this is especially so near large windows, in these instances the structure can be designed with solar shading such as brise soleil or reflective blinds on elevations facing the sun to reduce solar heat gain (Harish, 2017). The windows can also be designed with triple glazed glass along with blinds that have thermal insulating properties to help reduce heat loss during the cooler months of the year (Harish, 2017). These measure help reduce the amount of work that either the cooling system or heating systems must undertake (Knissel, 1999), the disadvantage that any shading or blinds have is that they reduce the amount of natural light entering the building leading to the extra usage of artificial lighting. Heating in office buildings is usually provided by a central boiler (CIBO, 1997), the efficiency of the boiler can depend upon the fuel used, back in 1997 the typical energy efficiency for boilers based on fuel varied greatly as shown in figure 3. Figure 3 Typical Efficiency for New Boilers in 1997 Fuel Full Load Efficiency % Low Load Efficiency % Coal 85 75 Oil 80 72 Gas 75 70 Biomass 70 60 Source: (CIBO, 1997) Improvement in technology has meant boiler efficiency has greatly improved since 1997, micro combined heat and power (mCHP) boilers are now available for offices and domestic properties, prior to 2006 these were only economically available on extremely large scales (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). CHP boilers simultaneously generate useful heat and electricity making better use of the fuel being used (Ecoliving, 2017). Figure 4 Micro Combined Heat and Power Boiler Schematic. Source: (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). These combined heat and power boilers can be up to 98% efficient, with the electricity produced being either used by the building or returned to the main grid (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). A disadvantage of CHP is that it is only useful in a building that requires both hot water and electricity, if other methods are used for heating and hot water is only used for washing then a CHP is not practical (Dinneen, 2014). As well as improved efficiency of boilers and air conditioning systems better controls also help reduce energy usage, for every 1Â °C lower that the heating is run it reduces energy usage by up to 8% (Carbon Trust, 2017) so setting heating levels at the lower level of 21Â °C set by CIBSE rather than the upper winter level of 23oC can reduce the energy usage by up to 16%. In open plan areas controls to both heating and cooling should also not be accessible to the occupants as there could be instances where one individual turns up the heating in their area and another turns down the air conditioning in their zone and the two systems then try to work against each other (Carbon Trust, 2017). Some areas of a building such as computer hub rooms will require cooling all year due to the heat generated by the equipment within them (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003), the use of a heat recovering system can be utilised to use this heat for other parts of the building reducing the load put on the heating systems and reducing the energy usage (Energytechs, 2017). These heats recovering units operate by using hot air from within the building to heat fresh cool air from the external environment (Energytechs, 2017) this warmed fresh air is then circulated around the building reducing the heating requirements (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003) Figure 5 Heat Recovery Unit, Source: Energytechs, 2017 Conclusion Technology and energy efficiency of services for buildings is continually improving this can be seen by the advances in LED technology for lighting and the use of Combined Heat and Power boilers in smaller scale buildings that have advanced over the last 20 years (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003). Buildings can only be built as energy efficient as the technology available at the time of construction, some energy efficiency measures can be installed later if the technology becomes available but this can be costly and disruptive (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003) It is though important when considering energy efficiency of buildings services to ensure that comfort levels for occupants are maintained for the tasks they are undertaking and are not compromised to achieve great energy efficiency (Irish Energy Centre, 1995) Modern technology makes more use of automated controls to assist in improving energy efficiency within buildings, this helps to remove occupants interference with controls and the potentially unbalancing of the systems resulting in more energy usage. As already mentioned earlier in this report the guidance figures given by CIBSE will only be acceptable to 80% of the occupants (Woods, 2015) the other 20% will be looking to alter the settings to suit their requirements so good communication with the occupants on the reasons the strategy for control settings will help with the implementation of the energy efficiency measures (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). References Carbon Trust, 2017, [Online] Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/guides/energy-efficiency/lighting/ [Accessed on 15th March 2017] CIBO, 1997. Energy Efficiency Industrial Boiler Efficiency [Online] Available at: http://invenoinc.com/file/Energy-Efficieny-adn-Industrial-Boiler-Efficiency.pdf [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Conserve Energy Future, 2017. 35 Surprising Facts about Global Warming. [Online] Available at:ÂÂ   http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/various-global-warming-facts.php [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Corkhill, K. 2014. 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