Methods Childhood and Strategy Essay

Techniques Childhood and Strategy Essay Techniques: Childhood and Strategy Essay Technique/methodology to help kids while framing connections Advantages of technique system utilized There is one young man in my position that thinks that its difficult to leave his mum when she leaves him in. He would start to cry and become troubled. The strategy that I utilized with this youngster was heading toward him and talking and soothing while diverting him so his mum could leave and to quiet him down. I utilized this methodology in this circumstance as it is the most ideal approach to beat this circumstance is encouraging the youngster so they feel progressively great in the nursery setting. This is acceptable as it enables the kid to get occupied from his mom which implies the mother can leave the homeroom. I took the young man over to the paint and approached him to paint an image for his mum while he was doing this he disregarded her and she had the option to leave without him seeing and turning out to be vexed once more, when the young man had got done with painting he proceeded onward to play with something different and settled in fine that day. In my situation there is one young lady who doesn't care for sharing her plays with one other youngster and would consistently shout if the kid went close the toys she was playing with. The methodology I used to conquer this was conversing with the young lady about how she needs to share and how the two young ladies could be companions on the off chance that they were pleasant to one another. I thought this was the best system as the young lady began to impart to the next young lady and began to continue ahead with the young lady and had the option to play with her all the time as opposed to shouting when she approached her. I disclosed to the young lady how this was not pleasant what she was doing and inquired as to whether different youngsters did it to her and she didn’t have any toys to play with would she like it and she answered no, so I revealed to her that she can’t be doing it to the young lady or any other person in the class as it would make them upset. In my arrangement there is one young lady who is from a remote nation

Financial Management assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Monetary Management task 2 - Essay Example The organization doesn't appear to be money rich as it as of now has an overdraft office. Despite the fact that the organization has been working effectively, taking on the task will place the organization in a horrible income position. The Internal Rate of Return wherein the Net Present Value is zero is vague as there is no rebate rate that is sufficiently little to make the Net Present Value zero. The organization has just caused an impressive whole of GBP 750,000 on innovative work of this new range. Maybe, the organization can think about elective methods of assembling this item, for example, redistributing or haggling for better material expenses without settling on its quality. The underlying examination cost of the undertaking has just been brought about by the organization and is considered as sunk expense. This is on the grounds that whether Paddle Your Own Canoe Plc takes up the task, or not, the underlying exploration cost will at present be considered as being spent. In investigating the income that will be created from the undertaking, sunk costs must be disregarded. All things considered, the treatment of the underlying examination cost is to avoid from the income count. Similarly, deterioration of the plant and hardware is excluded from the count of the income since this is a non income thing, while the venture evaluation centers around incomes. Devaluation is a bookkeeping technique for perceiving the decrease of the organization's fixed resources in its salary explanation after some time and doesn't influence money by any stretch of the imagination. In this manner, this thing has likewise been avoided. The extra working capital that the organization needs to put resources into is intended for different purposes toward the finish of the undertaking. Truth be told, this may be discharged for use toward the finish of the task. In spite of the fact that the organization needs to focus on this a lot prior, the thing has additionally been avoided in the estimations. This is on the grounds that the working capital isn't identified with the undertaking and won't influence the venture by any means. In any case, if the working capital is looked for with the end goal of the task, at that point this should be considered in deciding the possibility of the undertaking. Question 1c The compensation time frame figuring takes a gander at the most limited number of years to recoup the expense of the task. In spite of the fact that the estimation is straightforward and basic, it despite everything has its restrictions. It overlooks the advantages that happen after the compensation time frame and all the more significantly, the technique disregards the time estimation of cash. The Net Present Value is a pointer of how much worth a speculation or venture adds to the organization. The Net Present Value is an increasingly dependable technique for figuring the profits anticipated from speculations as the strategy considers the time estimation of cash. The Net Present Value thinks about the estimation of a dollar today to the estimation of that equivalent dollar later on, considering both expansion and returns. A positive Net Present Value created from an imminent task is a decent sign and ought to be acknowledged unexpectedly, a negative Net Present Value coming about because of activities ought to be dismissed on the grounds that the incomes will likewise be negative. The Internal Rate of Return is the rebate rate that conveys a Net

Marketing Management

Marketing Management Marketing Management Home›Marketing Posts›Marketing Management Marketing PostsMarketing practices over timeHuman behavior is viewed as being affected by multiple levels of influence. These levels of influence include intra-personal or interpersonal factors, individual factors, public policy factors, institutional or community factors, and organizational factors. Intra-personal factors include individual characteristics that influence behavior such as prior disposition, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits. Interpersonal factors refer to primary groups such as family, colleagues, and peers. The role of a primary school is to offer social distinctiveness support and meaning. Marketing strategies and performances depend on the culture inherent in a country. The same differs from one country to another. Countries where women’s major role is defined as home making, for example, are more often served by distribution systems that include bargaining.Arguing about the price of the products requires that considerable time be spent shopping. Where women are likely to have a career outside the household, time becomes more precious â€" which is a constraint on bargaining. In those cultures, fixed prices are more common (Williams and Curtis, 2005). Institutional factors are informal structures, policies, regulations, and rules, which may limit or promote suggested behaviors. Institutional procurement practices in general display characteristics that differentiate them from consumer markets. Hospitals, for example, would exhibit concentrated and direct purchasing of drugs from producers and inelastic demand once contracts are negotiated.These contracts would not be easily terminated. Community factors are social norms and networks, which exist as informal or formal among individual organizations and groups. For example, nutrition education and public awareness campaigns carried out by different social groups can promote healthy lifestyles that in turn influence the purchase of organic produce. Public policy refers to local state laws and policies that control or support practices and actions that are healthy, for disease prevention, early detection management and control.For example, the control of occupational exposure to carcinogens is a direct result of developments in public policy. This is an important step in primary cancer prevention and demonstrates that systematic regulatory control of the workplace can be an effective cancer prevention measure. This in turn affects tobacco-marketing practices. Marketing practice changes are also influenced by a diversity of other factors. Ecological or environmental regulatory bodies and processes, trading policies and funding and grants are key political factors. General taxation issues, interest and exchange rates and seasonality or weather issues form the body of economic factors that may influence change.Similarly, the advent of computers and the internet has considerably altered th e face of marketing. Nowadays, distributors and sellers can reach a mass market through online advertisements, shops, and email. Additionally, marketing research and intelligence can easily be catered by aggregating the number of visitors to any site as well as buyers of a product.Marketing SegmentationSome technology factors include research-funding, maturity of technology, innovation potential, intellectual property issues and progression of information and communication systems (Contento 2010). Marketing segmentation refers to the identification of one’s customers, bringing to them what they wish for, building strong relationships with co-marketing partners and communicating via highly targeted promotional media for example event sponsorships or interactive websites. Segmentation is the practice of partitioning markets into groups of prospective clientele with like needs, preferences and tastes. Segmentation efforts must be managed for them to be effective and ensure profitabil ity.It is impossible to pursue every market opportunity so managers must make strategic choices. There are many alternative methods for segmenting business markets. In outlining geographical segmentation, a medical instrumentation firm can obtain data from hospital associations’ directories to target hospitals by region and bed size. When factoring business demographics, a graphic supplies distributor can easily target advertising agencies by using firmographs.When featuring the products usage factor, markets can be segmented according to consumption levels of various user groups; heavy, medium or light. The best customers can be identified by several criteria. These include number of orders, unit sales, revenues, profitability and share of customer volume (Weinstein, 2004). The underlying rational of a mass marketing strategy is that everyone in the market wants the same product delivered, priced, and promoted in the same way. Alternatively, if there are differences within the ma rket, they are not usually significant enough to affect demand. They also do not merit being addressed by the organization with a different marketing mix strategy.Advantages in this type of marketing include elimination of extra costs that ensure larger production runs. Its limitations, however, underscore its limited usefulness. Different shopping patterns, income levels, and work habits require different pricing for certain services or products. This is well served by the segmentation strategy. In addition, a mass marketing strategy that tries to appeal to everyone leaves a company susceptible to having a segment of its customers won over by any other firm that more closely tailors its marketing mix to attract that particular subgroup.Client-Centered MarketingClient centered marketing is a core business process that makes an individual client or high potential prospect in a targeted industry; market niche the focus and beneficiary of specialized information, resources and experien ce. It encompasses selecting a targeted industry market niche for special attention as well as developing an insider’s understanding of it. It also involves positioning, promoting, and providing value adding solutions to selected needs of clients and high potential prospects in the niche. Finally, time, resources, and relationships available to the company are leveraged to secure success in the capturing of the target market.As the market changes from an orientation centered on product sales to one centered on the customer, direct marketing efforts to target profitable customers across the multiple channels, especially the internet, have resulted in reams of data waiting to be analyzed for enhancing future market efforts. Any market today, irrespective of size, can collect data on every customer transaction. These data are then stored in some format in a database for some future use such as financial tracking or inventory management purposes.BrandA brand is an icon or mark (logo) that helps distinguish one product from another. The brand represents the product. From the marketer’s point of view, it is the sum total of all user experiences with a specific service or product, building both repute and future expectations of benefit. Successful brand building involves paying constant attention to user enjoyment of a given product or service; setting sufficient budgets for marketing and evolving the brand overtime as markets and opinions change. Companies invest in building and marketing their brands for a number of reasons. These include increased recognition, establishing trust and building brand loyalty.Brand loyalty is achieved when clients stay faithful to a given brand and, whenever possible, take pains to continue their use of that brand. In the 21st century, the useful economic life of a brand cannot be defined in a pre-determined number of years. While most physical assets can be valued using models that use ten years or less to reflect their useful ec onomic life, brands have indefinite lives. The duration of a brand’s life depends on the readiness of consumers to buy the brand, pay the amount requested by the owner, and continue buying the brand into the future.This is consumer brand equity. It contributes to the ability of a company to earn profits in excess of those that would be earned by a normal company (Cant, Strydom, and Jooste, 2009).“THE LOST TRIBES OF RADIO SHACK: TINKERS SEARCH FOR A NEW               SPIRITUAL HOME”Andy Cohen bought the Radio Shack after years of being successful product manager companies of great worth. However, in recent times, he has obviously been by passed by trends. Radio shack has been forced to re- brand itself in an effort to attract new clientele with more sophisticated needs than the average Joe had in times gone by. New managers in the store have been uncomfortable with the increasing reliance on mobile technology to not only affect purchasing trends but in the acquisition of new cu stomers. It is obvious that they have been left behind in the move of trends from product-based marketing to service oriented marketing.The re-branding of itself to “the Shack” is hoped to alter the image of Radio Shack in the mind of the present day consumer. To this end, advertisements through the television and the internet have been employed. A dance contest was even featured yet little was garnered from these frantic efforts. A systematic study of trends in the market and how to achieve them by way of low cost methods might have achieved more change. Though successful in that it has survived bankruptcy, this has been achieved by cost cutting measures rather than success in garnering new customers.To survive, Radio Shack has now moved to the mass market to its direct loyal customer base-its community. This it has done rather than engage in the market segmentation strategy that would suit the pockets of a larger enterprise. Radio shack has obviously been relegated to near irr elevance by modern marketing trends. Faithful client Mike D’Alessio eschews the recent past when it was a force to be reckoned with. However, even he is quick to admit that that time has passed.

The Are Women Of Critical Education - 1441 Words

How many women can you name that are famous for something that they did in an educational field? One, maybe two on a good day. Now ask yourself how many men you can name that have done something famous in an educational field. Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Isaac Newton, the list goes on and on. No one can seem to remember the names of famous women in education, because women never get the chance to to do anything to allow themselves to stand out. Are women deprived of critical education simply because of their sex? There have always been barriers for women to become as educated as men. Whether it be in schools, at home, or any other place, women aren’t receiving the same level of education as men simply because of their gender. Everyday we see a developing story on race equality, but maybe it’s time some of the focus shifts toward gender equality. Gender inequality in education exists and is making a large impact on today’s society in places such as Asia, Afric a, and the United States. There have been many studies that show that inequality towards women in education exists and is making a large impact. One such study that was conducted by UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund) shows that girls in West and South Asia are facing some of the worst inequality in the world: â€Å"South and West Asia has the widest gender gap in its out-of-school population- 80 percent of its out-of-school girls are unlikely to ever start school compared to 16 percent of its out-of-Show MoreRelatedThe Problem Of African American Educational Achievement951 Words   |  4 Pages There are many discrepancies about the underlying causes of the problem of African American educational achievement. Measures of academic achievement in education show that African Americans are trailing their White counterparts, especially in higher education (Aronson, 2002). Numerous factors that affect academic achievement, affordability, financial aid, support of family. African American students are frequently stereotyped and spend a great deal of time establishing their academic credibilityRead MoreOls Regression Estimates That The Return Of Schooling1715 Words   |  7 Pagesregression estimates that the return to schooling is 9.06% for men and 10.62% for women. The first stage results, reported in the second column of Table1, indicate that the RoSLA to 16 in the UK increased the average number of years of education by 0.12 for men and 0.74 for women. Our second stage IV shows that an additional year of education increases returns to the log of wages of 13.21% and 22.39% for men and women respectively. Once again, our IV estimates are higher than OLS which could be toRead MoreBell Hooks And The Feminist Movement872 Words   |  4 Pagesdifference between education as the practice of freedom and education that merely strives to reinforce dominance.†(teaching to transgress 4). After high school she received her bachelor’s degree from stanford university and her master’s degree from UC Santa Cruz. She experienced racial and sexual discrimination throughout her life, and when she was in college, Bell Hooks was exposed to the women’s liberation movement; a feminist movement from the 1970’s that fought for issues that affected women. This movementRead MoreIn This Autoethnographic Narrative Study, I Relay My Lived1173 Words   |  5 Pageseducator in a high school and the obstacles in gathering diverse art education materials on race and gender. 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Adrienne Rich’s delivered speech in 1977 at the assembly of Douglas College Entitled â€Å"Claiming an Education† aggressively approached towards female students by urging them to change their mindset, breaking free off taboo, sexist stereotypes, and the feminine inferiority mindset, even though her speech was geared towards women, any gender, especially formsRead MoreA Historical Perspective: The Wage Gap1586 Words   |  7 PagesFor several dec ades, most American women occupied a supportive, home oriented role within society, outside of the workplace. However, as the mid-twentieth century approached a gender role paradigm occurred. The sequence of the departure of men for war, the need to fill employment for a growing economy, a handful of critical legal cases, the Black Civil Rights movement seen and heard around the nation, all greatly influenced and demanded social change for human and women’s rights. This momentous periodRead MoreEducating Afghan Girls Education929 Words   |  4 Pages Educating Afghan Girls’ Education is one of the most important contributors to having a successful future. In developed countries such as North America boys and girls are fortunate enough to have access to an unbiased education system. Therefore, allowing children to have countless opportunities. However, in countries like Afghanistan girls are marginalized and neglected the right to learn. Afghanistan is a country of war, where women and girls are often the worst victims. In 2011, Afghanistan wasRead MoreBusiness Skills As Entrepreneurship Education1203 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review Various authors have explained business skills as entrepreneurship education to empower knowledge of the entrepreneurs. This entails business management skills, business planning, financial management, awareness of legal aspects and market searching. That being the case, the skills are useful and important in developing creative thinking, negotiations, leadership (business management), exposure to technical innovation and new product development. However, the skills help to identifyRead MoreThe Role Of Critical Race Theory941 Words   |  4 PagesThe role of Critical Race Theory provides us with the idea of â€Å"racial realism†, the idea that racism, the normalcy of white supremacy is part of the everyday life of an ‘other’, in other words, racial or indigenous minorities in Canada. Consequently, the Critical Race Theory gives an understanding of the power that can be given to a definition such as ‘race’, and how heavily influence the way society fu nctions and sparked in a cultural divide in Canada due to the simple idea that biological and aestheticRead MoreMalala Yousafzai : The Voice Of Those 66 Million913 Words   |  4 Pagesheld back from a formal education. Malala is known in many different ways. For example, she is known as the girl who got shot by the Taliban, the girl who fought for her rights, or a Nobel Laureate. However, Malala is just a committed young girl who wants to see women having equal rights and for every child to have a quality education. Malala was raised with a passion for attending and loving school, that not even death threats could put her to rest. She believed that education was a right not a crime

Good vs. Bad of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis...

Good vs. Bad of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a novella written by Robert Louis Stevenson, a Scottish author. Written and published 1886, this novella reflects on the individual, and societal behavior during the Victorian era. During the Victorian era people, were supposed to behave like a normal person. Certain behaviors were highly restricted for example, showing evil. Instead, they were expected to give respect for everyone. People who acted out against the norm during this period were usually sent to asylums because such behaviors were unacceptable. People in this society did just that, they behaved as if they were perfectly normal. This does not mean that their bad side did not exist. Instead, they hid their†¦show more content†¦Having a career in science and medicine was a big deal during this time. Dr. Jekyll is an educated, wealthy, and well-respected man. Through the eyes of the public, he is seen as a perfect, ideal Victorian man. He is a â€Å"large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty, with something of a slyish cast perhaps, but every mark of capacity and kindness† (31). Because of his status in society, Dr. Jekyll is obligated to hide his pleasures and show the society his caring, affectionate, and loyal virtues. Dr. Jekyll is benevolent and pleasant in his social interactions. He attempts to cover up his darker self by creating a courteous public persona. Everyone has a different persona when they are outside in the eyes of the public and when they are inside. Through Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll reveals his destructive side. Transforming into Mr. Hyde gives Dr. Jekyll a freedom to act and behave without caring about the public’s opinion or about the consequences of his actions. Dr. Jekyll is captured and locked up deep inside, he appears reasonably appropriate on the exterior but his inner reflections drives him towards immorality. As Dr. Jekyll privately turns into Mr. Hyde, not only is his appearance transformed, but also his behavior. This can be a similar caparison on people in today’s society. People with high status or popularity are always being watched with every move they make. If they make one small mistake, then that will look bad onShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case of Dr. J ekyll and Mr.Hyde780 Words   |  3 Pagesmore powerful than the other. For Dr. Jekyll, he is a well-respected man around town, but wants a change in his life. Mr. Hyde is Dr. Jekyll’s other half that does many crimes throughout the story. There is a mystery the entire time until the end. In the novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson; Dr. Jekyll changes into Mr. Hyde by drinking a potion that he has made himself. Mr. Hyde has many traits that differ from Dr. Jekyll, including being ugly, wickedRead MoreDr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde999 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Jekyll vs. Mr. Utterson The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a great science fiction story that was published in 1886. It was written by an intelligent Scottish novelist named Robert Louis Stevenson. He uses technological ideas to develop a plot with powerful and realistic characters. Two main characters that play a major part in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Utterson. They are extremely good friends who live in London during the late nineteenth-centuryRead MoreStrange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde1580 Words   |  6 PagesIn this book, there exist a battle between good and evil in the main characters where we are bound to ask ourselves what is superior between good and evil? Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are easily seen as an allegory of the evil and good that exists in men. The book depicts the struggle with two sides of the human personality. Since Mr. Hyde seems to be taking over Dr. Jekyll, one could claim that evil is stronger than good. Nevertheless, Mr. Hy de ends up dead at the end of the story, which strongly showsRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Duality Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesIn literature, duality is anything that has two sides, mostly dealing with good and evil. Duality plays an important role in showing who the characters are and how the story occurs in many different books. Books in which duality plays a prominent role include Dr. Jekyll and Mrs.Hyde, Romeo and Juliet, and the Bible. Duality exists throughout the play Romeo and Juliet. The things characters say, the characters, and actions of the characters are ways duality exists in the play. For example,Read MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1619 Words   |  7 PagesCase of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, published in 1886, is a glimpse back in time to the Victorian era. The novella highlights the Victorian morality and the Victorian model of life. The key features of Victorian morality include a set of moral values pillared in sexual restraints, low tolerance policies on crimes and a strict social code of conduct. Dr. Jekyll is a respected member living in the Victorian society, who abides to all the rules and regulations. Mr. Hyde is hisRead MoreBook Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde4784 Words   |  20 PagesCase of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† B. Author: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 -1894) * As a novelist, he is often noted for the powers of invention and depth of psychological insights found in his work; a skill defined by G. K. Chesterton as being able ‘to pick up the right word up on the point of his pen’. * Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson  was a Scottish  novelist, poet, essayist, and  travel writer. * A literary celebrity during his lifetime, Stevenson now ranksRead MoreBook Report - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde4772 Words   |  20 PagesStrange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† B. Author: Robert Louis Stevenson (1850 -1894) * As a novelist, he is often noted for the powers of invention and depth of psychological insights found in his work; a skill defined by G. K. Chesterton as being able ‘to pick up the right word up on the point of his pen’. * Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson  was a Scottish  novelist, poet, essayist, and  travel writer. * A literary celebrity during his lifetime, Stevenson now ranksRead MoreDr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde2521 Words   |  11 PagesUncovering Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886 by Robert Louis Stevenson. The story is based on a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson, who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde. This novel was composed as a shilling shocker. A shilling shocker is a short, graphic book. This whole novel is based in Victorian England. Noting the servants, differences between the rich and poorRead MoreProse Narrative Criticism Essay1911 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† and â€Å"Greasy Lake† Studies in Literature Kathleen Lohr August 25, 2012 Prose Narrative Criticism While reading any composition of literature, the reader must address how they will connect with the text. To do this, the reader considers different forms of literary criticism. There are an abundance of approaches to literary criticism. For the purposes of looking at â€Å"Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson and â€Å"Greasy Lake†Read MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1837 Words   |  8 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson’s masterpiece, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde centers around duality of humanity in nature, right vs. wrong, joy vs. despair, good vs. evil. This novella invites the reader in through techniques like flash-backs, foreshadowing and suspense. Within every person there is nature of two equal parts, whether it be obvious or not, it varies from person to person. Dualism derives from the Latin word duo, meaning two. Simply put, dualism can be understood as the existence

The Daily Life of a Union Soldier Free Essays

The nation was split in two over the concept of slavery. The Northern abolitionists felt strongly against slavery while the Southern plantation owners were set on maintaining slave labor. South Carolina paved the way for Southern states to secede from the United States of America. We will write a custom essay sample on The Daily Life of a Union Soldier or any similar topic only for you Order Now Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas soon followed in early 1861 (Roark, 455). Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed in the secession of fellow southern states following the attack on Fort Sumter (Roark, 464). From this point on, the Union and the Confederacy were set in stone. This was the root of the bloody Civil War. Millions of Americans enlisted in the army to support their beliefs and half of the nation. Soldiers faced harsh conditions not only on the battlefield, but also in their camps. The daily life of a Union soldier consisted of hours of drills, minimal food rations, and harsh conditions while fighting to end slavery. The Union soldiers shared many similarities. To enlist as a soldier the boy had to be at least 18 years old. Most were in their late teens and early twenties though boys as young as 15 reportedly enlisted and lied about their age (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Bell Wiley described the solders as â€Å"white, native-born, farmer, protestant, single, and between the age of 18 and 29. † The average soldier was 5’8† tall and weighed 143 pounds (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). These men came from a variety of places since the North featured an industrial economy. Most of the soldiers were farmers, but hundreds of previous careers were recorded. Some men were accountants, locksmiths, masons, painters, etc.  (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). The youth and variety of occupations of the enlisted featured inexperienced soldiers. According to â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† out of the 2. 75 million soldiers that fought in the Civil War, 2 million of them were from the North. Of these 2 million,  ¼ were immigrants. 200,000 came from Germany, 150,000 were Irish, 45,000 were English, and 15,000 came from Canada (1). By the end of the war in 1865, 10% of Union troops were African Americans (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). These men were not only fighting to support the Union but also for their freedom. Since white soldiers were fighting to support the Union the majority of the time, some financial compensation was provided to bring in more troops. The average wage for a Union soldier was $11 per month (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). These payments were irregular, though. Sometimes a soldier would wait six months before receiving even a single month’s earning (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). In 1864, the Confederacy raised their payments to $18 a month, and not long after the Union raised theirs to $16 (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). While soldiers were bringing in little money, a three star general could have earned as much as $700 per month (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). The earnings of each type of soldier demonstrate the diversity in their roles in the war. While some men only fought to make money for their family, some men fought to preserve the Union and to abolish slavery (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). This quote demonstrates the pride soldiers had in what they were fighting for and showed some men would go to extreme lengths for what they believe in. â€Å"It has rained for a week and the roads are muddy. After marching for 20 miles it is not pleasant to lie down at night in the wet without any cover. I am tired- in fact I never was so tired in my life. But Hurrah! It is all for the Union! †-Elisha Rhodes The soldier’s pride was also shown through their standardized uniforms. The Union uniforms were more standardized than the Confederacy’s though some wore European style clothing or no uniform at all (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). The dark blue uniforms were made from a heavy wool and worn with leather billed caps and stiff shoes (Winthrop, 1). The soldiers may not have been comfortable but they were easily recognized through their regulation uniforms. Along with the uniforms, the soldiers also carried many necessities with them. According to (Winthrop, 1), they had knapsacks with extra clothes, rolled up wool, and rubber blankets. They carried haversacks with foods such as sat pork, coffee, sugar, dried peas, or pressed sheets of desiccated vegetables. A small canteen was carried over each man’s shoulder (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). A Union soldier’s uniform can be seen in Figure 1. Another item required for all soldiers was guns. Arms were in short supply, though, and they would sometimes have to wait months before a new shipment would arrive (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier†, 1). This lack of arms led to soldiers having to be conscious about what they do with and how they use their weapons. Knowledge of how to use weapons was taught during a camp’s daily routine. Soldiers would wake at the crack of dawn for roll call to ensure no one had tried to run during the night (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). After role call, daily duties were assigned. Some men would be assigned to kitchen duty while others may have been in charge of arms for the day (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Breakfast came next which was followed by drills. Soldiers would spend hours in the hot sun wearing their wool uniforms practicing battle formations or combat skills. The men would return to camp drenched in sweat and extremely tired (Alstyne, 1). After a hard day’s work it was not uncommon to find groups of people surrounding fires cooking and singing songs along with talking about the latest camp news (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Union soldiers favored songs like the â€Å"Battle Cry of Freedom,† â€Å"Red, White, and Blue,† and the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner† (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). At 10:30 P. M. on the dot it was lights out so everyone could get some rest for the next day or exhaustion (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Although soldiers hoped to get a good night’s rest, the sleeping conditions were not the best. Most camps had a single blanket on the ground with another as a cover (Alstyne, 1). Some lucky men got to sleep on straw mattresses (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). The soldiers were exposed to nature at night due to the lack of cover provided by the tents. Muslin was drawn over a pole 3 feet from the ground and open at both ends (Alstyne, 1). This was considered â€Å"home† to the typical Union soldier. If it was raining, they had to sleep on the wet ground. Bugs and rodents were also common nighttime visitors at camp (Alstyne, 1). Most men did not get the rest they required from hours of strenuous drills during the day, leading to extreme exhaustion throughout the army. Not only were sleeping conditions undesirable, but the food the soldiers ate was not the best, either. The most common meal was salted meats, â€Å"hardtrack,† and coffee (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1). Hardtrack was a term coined for the tasteless, hard crackers men became accustomed to eating. The feeling of being full was a sensation that was practically unheard of in the Union army. Food rations were small and far between so sometimes the soldiers would resort to foraging for fruits, berries, and game animals to satisfy their hunger (â€Å"Comparing Confederate Soldiers and Union Soldiers, 1†). Although food on the camps had little to no taste, everyone scraped their tin plates clean (Alstyne, 1). The starving soldiers would have eaten anything if it meant their stomach pains would temporarily subside. When the men were not doing drills or eating meals, they often found themselves bored. Some men would do chores like cook or clean (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Games or dominoes, poker, or baseball often broke out in camps (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). With the increasing literacy rates, many men could write home during free time (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1). Along with writing, more and more men would read newspapers and journals. Although the soldiers had some time to themselves, they still had to be ready at a moment’s notice. Cycles of marching and intense fighting were included in the lives of soldiers in the North (â€Å"The Life of a Union Soldier,† 1). Periods of fighting led to mass injuries in the Union army. 360,000 men died during the Civil War from the North- about 110,000 in battle and 225,000 of disease (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). The massive spread of disease through the army was linked to unsanitary conditions (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). Water sources were fouled so not only were the soldiers affected but also the environment and the residents in that area (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). The injured did not fare much better than the ill. Doctors could do little for torso wounds, so these men were often doomed to die. Injuries to the extremities were often amputated (â€Å"Life as a Soldier During the Civil War,† 1). Life as a Union soldier was not easy. It involved hours of strenuous training on a daily basis paired with poor sleeping conditions. These men gave their lives to fight for what they believed in and supported: the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery. A soldier never knew what the following day would hold. Would they be playing a friendly game of baseball at camp, marching to their next battle site, or be greeted with a day of intense fighting? 360,000 of the 2 million soldiers were killed during the war (â€Å"Civil War Soldiers,† 1). Fear did not stop soldiers from enlisting, though. Thousands of men signed up and left the lives they knew for small tents and tasteless hardtrack. How to cite The Daily Life of a Union Soldier, Essays

What functions does decentralization play in firms/organizations

Almost every organization or firm is involved in some production not withstanding whether it is a product, service or some combination of some sort of the two. Any competent gig can extract from the basket of methodologies deployed in the production and produce a product or a service that would finally satisfy the customer and hence attract his or her loyalty to the brand produced.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What functions does ‘decentralization’ play in firms/organizations? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Merholz argues, â€Å"Contrary to all the books, articles, Web sites, and workshops that suggest otherwise, the biggest problem in user experience design today is not one of practice† but rather that of â€Å"poor organizational structure† (2004, Para 1). The best organizational structure in the modern world of business dynamics is the one that fosters decentralization and sh uns away from centralization approaches in management. Decentralization here refers to â€Å"a organizational structure in which daily operations and decision-making responsibilities are delegated by top management to middle and lower-level managers within the organization, allowing top management to focus more on cardinal decisions† (Jones 1995, p.12). The paper unveils, through consideration of various functions of decentralization in an organizations or firms that decentralization is the key to success of the modern organizations. In the recent past, a large number of organizations would pass active voices of command and hence control the entire organizational structures. This way, the top management would successfully achieve the objective of the organization by massively pushing their decisions through the whole corporation in their centralized state. As Carley and Lee (1998) reckon, while â€Å"desires of savvy executives were pushed through an entire corporation, ATT could hire Henry Dreyfuss to evolve the telephone, Thomas Watson, Jr. could proclaim that â€Å"providential design is considerable business† and get IBM to work with such luminaries as Paul Rand, Charles and Ray Eames, and Eero Saarinen† (p.289).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, in the modern day such companies with centralization spirit as a secret of success are perhaps extinct. The modern secrete of success lies in decentralization management approaches in firms or organizations. This line of thought is perhaps amplified by the fact that decentralization functions to empower the employs, orient a firm in such a way that it becomes well prepared to cope with emergencies, facilitate efficiency in decision making and help to relieve some burdens from the top management staff among other functions. One of the functions of decentralization is to relieve t he top management some burdens. Some organizations would claim to embrace decentralization while on thorough scrutiny; they crown their CEOs as super heroes who are solely principally supposed to act as the saviors of their organization. In other words, they are treated as symbols and tools for the organizations prosperity in the sense that they are believed to turn every organization’s resource available to their disposal and miraculously lead to corporate success. According to Diverse Thoughts (2007), this perception is perplexing since there is â€Å"little evidence that a single individual can consistently make superior forecasts or strategic decisions in the face of a genuine uncertainty† (Para 3). Consequently, perhaps if the organization were serious with the inevitable benefits of the functions of the decentralization, then they could waive a large portion of the CEO remunerations and rather place more emphasis on collective decision-making. This would make rel ieving burdens: as functional element of decentralization, make some impeccable contribution to the success of the organization in question. In fact, â€Å" the top management would be relieved of much day-to-day problem solving and is left free to concentrate on strategy, on a higher level decision making, and coordinating activities† (Joseph 2012, Para 5).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What functions does ‘decentralization’ play in firms/organizations? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, the top management would set them free from involving itself with chore such as ordering supplies, and or responsibilities of recruiting new staff and rather deploy most of this time in strategic plans such as expansion or booking sittings with crucial clients and business partners. Another significant function of decentralization is provision of mechanisms for employees’ empowerment. In the words of Joseph (2012), employees are empowered â€Å"by having more autonomy to make their own decisions, giving them a sense of importance and making them feel as if they have more input in the direction of the organization† (Para 2). In line with this view, the employees acquire the freedom to employ their knowledge coupled with their experience that they have acquired in the implementation of some idea they have brought forth. This way, they feel as being incorporated within the organization in which they operate. In fact, this is necessary for their increased motivation and improvement of their self-image in relation to the company they claim to work for (Govindarajan 1986, p.847). Now, it is somewhat pertinent to pose a question: To what extent should people execute decentralization to leap maximally from its benefits? This question attracts differing responses historically in the management discipline. The extent to which decentralization fosters employees’ empowerment is intriguing to many organizations. However, Wal-Mart gives a more plausible answer. The founder of the Wal-Mart: Sam Walton had immense value for continuous improvement. However, as Collins and Porras informs, â€Å"he instituted concrete organizational mechanisms to stimulate change and improvement by deploying the concept called ‘ a store with a store’ in which he gave managers authority and freedom to run each department as if it were their own business† (1994, pp.36-37). This way he created a firm that would change by evolving itself. His competitor leaders: Ames, on the other hand, detailed all the things that the managers were supposed to do precisely stepwise. He laid down these details in a book from which the managers could refer. This, according to Collins and Porras, â€Å"left no room for initiatives† (1994, p.37).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What were the repercussions of these two strategies? While Ames leaders thought they were maintaining tighter control of their stores, Wal-Mart blossomed much better than Ames into its current state today. The Wal-Mart case leads to the next function of decentralization: easing expansion. Easing expansion as a function of decentralization is widely evidenced by Wal-Mart. It has stores outlets across the whole of America and even in overseas. Arguably, in case an organization is rapidly growing, decentralization has the ability to aid in the expansion process. In this end, Chang and Harrington (2000) posits, â€Å"decentralization allows the new unit to operate as an independent entity, meaning it can react more easily to the specific needs of the area, such as deciding to sell products that appeal to the local market† (2000, p.1428). By decentralizing, therefore, the motto of an organization management changes from ‘centralize and conquer’ to ‘decentralize to expand and leap maximum profitability’. Organizations, which do not concern themselves with decentralization endeavors, are more often than not ill prepared to cope with emergencies. In this sense, the ability to handle emergencies is a function of decentralization. A situation may arise when the top management is not at a position to run the organization due to emergencies such illness. As Grindle (2009) puts it, â€Å"a decentralized structure provides a better chance that the organization will maintain self-sufficiency because managers and employees are accustomed to working autonomously† (p.108). The survival of an organization is dependent on its ability to strike a middle ground between centralization and decentralization. From the decentralization horizon, â€Å"A manager often can make a decision without having to wait for it to go up a chain of command, allowing the organization to react quickly to situations where fast action can mean the difference betwe en gaining and losing a customer† (Galloway 2006, p.67). This way, efficiency in the process of making a decision is a function that enhances decentralization. Conclusively, decentralization functions to foster ease and efficiency in decision-making, promoting expansion of an organization. It empowers employees and relieves the top management of certain burdens that impede availing them many opportunities to focus on management roles that bring a better good to the organization among other functions. The paper defines decentralization as â€Å"a type of organizational structure in which daily operations and decision-making responsibilities are delegated by top management to middle and lower-level managers within the organization, allowing top management to focus more on chief decisions† (Jones 1995, p.12). Even though decentralization has all the advocated for functions by the paper within an organization, the paper also recognizes the need to establish a sweet spot bet ween centralization and decentralization so that an organization does not operate within just merits functions of decentralization while negating the demerit functions of decentralization. References Carley, K., Lee, J., 1998. Dynamic Organizations: Organizational Adaptation in a Changing Environment. Strategic Management, 15(7), pp. 269-297. Chang, M., Harrington, J., 2000. Centralization Vs. Decentralization in Multi-Unit Organization: A Computational Model of Retail Chain as a Multi-Agent Adaptive System. Management Science, 46(11), pp. 1427-1440. Collins, J., Porras, J., 1994. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. New York: Harper Business. Diverse Thoughts., 2007. Archive for Decentralized Organization. Web. Galloway, A., 2006. Protocol: How Control Exists After Decentralization. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Govindarajan, V., 1986. Decentralization, Strategy, and Effectiveness of Strategic Business Units in Multi-Business Organizations. Management Review, 11( 4) pp. 844- 856. Grindle, M., 2009. Going Local: Decentralization, Democratization, and Promise of Good. New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press. Jones, G., 1995. Organization Theory: Text and Cases. Boston, MA: Addison- Wesley. Joseph, C., 2012. The Advantages of A Decentralized Organizational Structure. Web. Merholz, P., 2004. Organization In The Way: How Decentralization Hobbles The User Experience. Web. This essay on What functions does ‘decentralization’ play in firms/organizations? was written and submitted by user Emmitt G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

N21 Determining the Half-life of Thoron essays

N21 Determining the Half-life of Thoron essays N21 determining the Half-life of thoron Objective: To determine and investigate the half life of thoron The decay process of radioactive materials can be described by an exponential law. The equation is: Where f is the decay constant for the individual nuclei. N0 is the number of unstable nuclei at time t=0. Every radioactive nucleus has a definite time interval T1/2. That is the half-life. It is the number of unstable nuclei decreasing to half of original number. After the T1/2 , the number of nuclei reduces half and half. In the experiment, a thoron-air mixture is blown into an ionization chamber subject to a saturation voltage. Alpha-decay of the thorium emanation cause ion formation. This produce a current, whose ternporal progression is recorded with TY-recorder or oscilloscope. The current is the measure of the number of decays per time interval, and thus the recorded graph represents a decay curve. The experiment is to find out the half life of thoron. Radon-222 is the radioactive decay product of radium-226, which is found at low concentrations in almost all rock and soil. Thoron is the nickname for the isotope 220Rn of the element Radon. 220Rn has a 55 second half-life, much shorter than 222Rn(3.8 days). It is a noble gas generated by the decay of radium found in rocks and derived materials. It decays via alpha and beta emission through a series of short-lived progeny. It is not as common as radon in the environment. Indoors it is thought to contribute about 10% of the total airborne radiation dose. The thoron air mixture is blown into an ionization chamber. The alpha decay of thoron causes a current and records by a TY-recorder. The major error sources in the experiment is the environmental error. The environment erro ...

Spell Check Isnt Foolproof!

Spell Check Isnt Foolproof! Spell Check Isn’t Foolproof! Spell Check Isn’t Foolproof! By Mary â€Å"But it can’t have spelling mistakes! I ran spell check!† I hear this quite often. While running spell check on your documents is very important, it certainly is not a foolproof means of making sure that your documents are error free. Spell check will let you know if there is a group of letters in your document that doesn’t actually form a word. If you type â€Å"fjdklfjdlf† into a document, spell check will catch that this isn’t an actual word. However, if you send an email to your mom asking her to buy you a new â€Å"pear of pants,† spell check won’t let you know that you should have used pair instead of pear. No matter how careful you are with spell check, there is no substitute for (a) proofreading your work yourself and (b) having someone else proof it for you. There’s no substitute for a common sense check. There are too many similar words in a language to ever be able rely 100% on spell check to get rid of all of your spelling errors. I’m a professional writer and business communications trainer, and I know from personal experience that you can’t always trust spell check. One of my more entertaining typos that spell check didn’t catch occurred in an article I wrote a few weeks ago about wedding anniversary gifts. This is what I wrote: with love and infection This is what I meant: with love and affection Fortunately, I proofed my work before sending it to the client for publication. I laughed when I caught the error, because it is kind of funny and ironic, but I don’t think my client would have been very entertained. If the article had gone to the client with this mistake, I could very well have lost a project. Don’t use spell check as a crutch. Don’t take a chance on losing business or sounding ignorant just because you won’t take the time to proofread your work. Just remember there’s no substitute for common cents. Oops, sense! Darn that spell check! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowThat vs. WhichGlimpse and Glance: Same or Different?

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Immigration - Essay Example The repercussion is dealt with in turn with a strong-willed defense of immigration. As time goes by, the debate becomes more intense; immigration will perhaps be a foremost issue in the politics of the near future and the next generation. Some contestants in the debate dispute that immigration is an economic advantage to the nation but a catastrophe in cultural implications, that the latter dimension is more essential than the former; hence immigration should be trimmed down (Loveless, 1996). I have a different assessment. Persistent soaring immigration is likely to generate economic problems for the nation but as well provide key social opportunities, and because of this, immigration will contribute constructively to the nation. Some of the contestants in the debate believe that it is just a waste of time to argue about the implication of immigration to the United States and whether it should be supported or thwarted. Immigration is an enormous reality of human existence, they assume, and nothing can be done to prevent the surge of newcomers even if a cutback were intended. What must be disputed, they claim, is the treatment granted to the immigrants, specifically the human rights and political privileges bestowed upon them. The point of view taken in this essay is dissimilar. Even though the laws of the nation cannot absolutely regulate the population of immigrants into the United States, they still have a remarkable impact. The recent dramatic increase in immigration has occurred in reaction to a major transformation in immigration law in 1965, and that law might be amended once again, in so doing altering the pattern of immigration (Loveless, 1996). In this essay I will defend immigration. Even though I take critical consideration of the several reasons put forth for criticizing immigration, I conclude that these immigrants actually contribute encouragingly to the value of American life and that immigration corresponds to the

Types of Erosion and Transportation of Materials by the River Essay

Types of Erosion and Transportation of Materials by the River - Essay Example Erosion takes place hand in hand with transportation. Transportation of materials in a stream or a river starts when water overcomes friction. Material that has been set loose through erosion is then transported along the stream. There are three main processes by which water in a stream or river transports material; suspension, traction and saltation, and solution. Suspension occurs when material composed of the finest particles such as silt and clay is lifted by the turbulence of water and transported away. Rivers that are more turbulent and fast-flowing carry more suspension. This explains why a stream or river gets muddy towards its mouth. The velocity of the water is greater here. Traction and saltation occur when larger particles are carried away. Saltation refers to when a material such as gravel and pebbles that are too heavy to be carried away in suspension are bounced along by the water force. Traction, on the other hand, occurs when larger material like boulders is pushed and rolled along the river or stream bed by the force of the water. The third process, solution, occurs when materials such as minerals and dissolving rocks dissolve in the water and are carried along. This happens mostly in areas whose geology is limestone with water that is slightly acidic. Stream capacity refers to the sum capacity of residue that a stream can move, transport, or carry. Water streams carry sediment. Different streams carry different amounts of sediment. This capacity depends on the velocity and volume of water that is being channeled. Stream competence, on the other hand, refers to the sedimentary particle size that a stream can move, transport, or carry. Again, each stream has its competency for the sedimentary particle size it can move by its velocity and volume. This competency changes with changes in velocity and stream volume. Such changes are caused by a variety of topography factors and seasonal flooding.

The Role of Gene Mutation in Human Evolution Essay -- Exploratory Essa

The Role of Gene Mutation in Human Evolution Have you ever looked at a gorilla or a monkey and considered it to be your ancestor? Probably not, but, if you have had that thought then it was probably just because that is what has been taught in our school systems for decades, and probably will be for a long time to come unless proven otherwise. Sure, humans and primates have similar features: facial expressions and structures; fingers; toes; breasts; hair; etc., but there has been no evidence that proves that we are, undoubtedly, a product of natural selection evolving from ape-like species. Ever since the first mentioning of our evolution from such species was introduced, it has been primarily theory, and nothing more. Scientists have been struggling for years to find the scientific evidence linking humans to primates. Recently, though, in the study of such a theory, there has been a remarkable finding suggesting just that – Humans are descendants from ape-like species. Anthropologists have long debated how humans evolved from a species with larger jaw muscles and smaller cranial capacities (smaller brains). The new finding may be the answer they’ve been searching for. Although it is not definite proof linking the two species, it is very convincing. Perhaps with more research, it can become factual proof that links humans to primates. Mysosin is the major contractile protein that makes up muscle tissue, and it is this gene that is thought to be responsible for the appearance of the genus Homo in the evolutionary aspect of the hominid species. â€Å"Myosin Heavy Chains are a critical protein component of the sarcomeres, the engine room of skeletal muscle, from which contractile force is derived† (Currie, 373). ... ...nd unpredictable, and this goes for everything in science which is why it is so intriguing to so many people. You and I are both able to read and comprehend the words on this page, along with being able to do hundreds of other tasks that no other species is able to do, thanks to a small, muscular genetic mutation that occurred in primates 2.4 million years ago, giving rise to the genus Homo, and eventually Homo sapiens. Works Cited 1. Currie, Pete, 2004, Muscling in on Hominid Evolution. Nature, v. 428, p351-450. Macmillan Building, London, UK. p373-374. 2. Stedman et al, 2004, Myosin Gene Mutation Correlates with Anatomical Changes in the Human Lineage. Nature, v. 428, p351-450. Macmillan Building, London UK. p415-418 3. University of Pennsylvania Medical Center http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/03/040325074128.htm

Why Does Conflict Arise in Organizations

Why does conflict arise in organizations, and how it can be managed ABSTRACT This essay seeks to illustrate how organizational conflict cannot be avoided. It will demonstrate the various ways in which conflict may arise within organizations and classify them into a range of groups. There will be a thorough analysis to show if conflict is positive or negative towards the growth of an organization. Findings of the previous will then lead to different mechanisms that can be used when managing conflict to ensure positive outcomes in an organization. The aforementioned will be supported by relevant theories, which will assist in reinforcing the validity of this essay. INTRODUCTION In this era of rapid development organizations are formed as a social entity to foster an environment of financial, economic and social growth. Organizations can range from large governmental bodies to small business. Organizations have evolved through different stages, from its birth to maturity. During these stages organizations tend to be adversely affected by crisis of leadership, autonomy, control and bureaucracy. Consequently these crises make conflict unavoidable. Additionally, an organization may be exemplified where two or more individual establish a relationship in order to accomplish and acquire a desired goal. There are various schools of thought as it pertains to conflict including the Traditional View, Human Relations View and the Interactionist View. More so conflict exists at different levels namely Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Intergroup. However there may be some techniques available to manage conflict like Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration, Conciliation and Consultancy. The following paragraphs will further explain the scopes of conflict and how it can be managed. CONFLICT It is a process that begins when one part perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first part cares about. [1] An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment. [2] Schools of thoughts with regards to conflict: The Traditional View: This view was prevalent in the the 1930’s and 40’s where it was conceived that the existence of conflict can only be harmful to the growth of an organization. Therefore in that era conflict should have been avoided, this resulted in less focus to research on the causes of conflict. The Human Relations View: The human relations position pioneered that conflict was inevitable in all groups and organizations. It could never be eliminated and it also sometimes proves to be beneficial to a group’s performance. This was dominant in the late 40’s and mid 70’s. The Interactionist View: This view encourages the existence of conflict at an ongoing minimum level, enough to keep the group viable, critical and creative. After looking at the above views it will not be feasible to say that conflict is good or bad. It can only be analyzed as bad or good based on the type of conflict. (The schools of thoughts were taken from â€Å"Stephen Robbins, Organizational Behaviour, 10th ed. 2003†) Functional: Interactionist view does not see all conflict as good but those conflicts that supports the goals and improves performance is called functional conflict or constructive conflict. Dysfunctional: On the other hand conflict that is dysfunctional relates to the conflict that promotes alienation, inefficiency and generally has adverse effects on productivity. To know if a conflict is either functional or dysfunctional, the types must be known. Types of Conflict Task Conflict- this relates to the content and goals of the task that is to be performed, Relationship Conflict- this focus on interpersonal relationships, and Process Conflict- this relates to how the task gets done. Studies show that Relationship conflict most of the times turns out to be dysfunctional. Task, relationship or process can perpetrated in the following ways Intrapersonal Conflict occurs within us: when we are at odds with ourselves, when we are torn between choices we need to make, when we are frustrated with our goals or accomplishments. Conflict within us very often leads to conflict with others. Interpersonal Conflict occurs between two or more individuals. We might get into a heated debate in a meeting, get in an argument with a coworker, or have a bad encounter with our boss. This is the type of conflict we are most concerned with in this workshop, although our discussion has bearing on the other types. Intergroup Conflict occurs between groups: nations, gangs, work areas, etc. For example, your department at work might have an ‘us vs. them’ attitude about some other department. Intra/ Interpersonal and Intergroup was taken from a Business Management skills article from Dave Neal found on http://www. scarecrowworkshops. com/b-conflict-management. html The Process of Conflict diagram will help illustrate why conflict arise in organizations, this was taken from Stephen Robbins, Organizational Behaviour, 10th ed. 2003 [pic] Stage 1 shows some of the conditions that has the capacity to develop conflict A break down in communication is significant in contributing to conflict . The true sense of communication is for the receiving party to understand what the sender is communicating in order to attain the right feedback. The bereaucratic nature of an organization facilitate the process of unsuccessful communication. This is so as information passed on to subordinates may be prone to deterioration. This may be so as the subordinate or receiver may not attach the urgency of the message that the sender intended. As such, this reluctance may cause the final message or information to be significantly ambiguous, which would result in conflict. Additionally, another source of conflict is structural factors as it pertains to size, Staff Heterogeneity, Participation, Line-Staff distinction, Reward Systems, Resource Interdependence and Power. In terms of size an organzation tend to operate more effciently and with less conflict when it is small. The manger has more direct influence in the company in terms of supervision and the overseeing of delegated tasks. However where the company grows in size the reins of controll are strained. There may now be increased specialization and bereaucracy. Consequently there may be increased opportunity to for misconception of information and hence conflict. For example, an interview was done at a renowned company, WASA in Trinidad and Tobago. The manager of the Construction Services Department North is responsible for various pipe laying projects therefore it is mandatory for him to retrieve materials for the various projects. The retrieval of these materials does not lie in his hands, thoroughly, but this function is mainly dependent on the Manager of Corporate Services-Supplies to source the right provider of the materials. This process of sourcing these materials may be long at times therefore putting the pipe laying projects sometimes on long delays. Consequently there is the possibility of having conflict between these two managers but note carefully that the structure of certain procedures within the organization is the main cause for the conflict. The issue of staff heterogeneity appears to have an adverse effect as it pertains to conflict. There are many issues which may arise due to differences in staff. For instance the junior staff in a company may feel that the senior staff may be too inflexible. They generally wield more power in organizations and junior staff may be subjected to their redundancy and myopic work approach. Thus conflict may tend to arise. Moreso, Partcipation, in terms of decision making, is a source for conflict. A subordinate may need to be able to express their opinions. Where employees re given a forum to express their decision making opinons it may be noted that conflict is more likely to occur. According to Robbins, an atmosphere of conflict may be created as the employee is unable to prevail with his point of view due to his lack of authority. Futhermore According to Allen 1955, line and staff distinctions may be another cause for conflict. It may be noted that Line units perform tasks that are dir ectly related to the core activities of the organization. However, staff units perform tasks that support the line function. This definition was taken from the book Organizational Behavior by K. W. Thomas. This may be exemplified in the aforementioned WASA scenario where a line unit member involved in the installation of pipe was hampered in carrying out his task. This may result in conflict as the staff unit may be removed and not place as much emphasis on the centralized operations of the company as a line member. It may be also noted that conflict may arise in terms of reward systems. This refers to the fact that one party may receive a reward at the expense of the other. As such conflict would tend to arise. and that i Personal Variables, this is basically personality differences. An important factor is found in stage 2 due to the fact that the antecedents of conflict must be perceived or felt. This is so because all the possibilities in stage 1 could occur but the feelings associated with stage 2 may not necessarily transpire. Further observation of the above diagram with regards to stage 3, which are techniques to handle conflict can also encourage conflict, for instance competing (this speaks for itself) and also avoiding due to the fact that the matter is never resolved leaving the parties unsatisfied and also no growth was made towards achieving the organizations’ goals. In Addition stage 4 can also promote conflict depending on what happened in the previous stage. If the conflict handling techniques (stage3) was destructive then behaviours (stage 4) may be verbal attacks, threats and ultimatums, aggressive physical attacks or overt efforts to terminate the other party. Therefore it can be analyzed that stage 3 can also initiate more conflict. There are other major fields of study within organizational behaviour that can be a recipe for conflict. Some of these are as follows. Job Satisfaction- Job satisfaction is an integral aspect in organizational conflict. The employee needs to feel truly a part of the company and that his contribution is instrumental to the company’s progress. He must also feel challenged by his work load and not bogged down by mundane and alienating tasks. Personalities and emotions- (express on this factor and mention the following in the right context) there is the Myers- Briggs Type Indicator (a test of 100 questions that asks people how they react to a certain situation and then this break down into sixteen personality types. 3] Leadership skills- this is where studies were done analyzing the type of employees to see what type of leadership skill will be best suited in order to facilitate an ambiance of little conflict/ functional conflict thus enhancing the organization’s performance. Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory reiterate this. In other terms if a manager does not have the right type of leaders hip skills to suit his staff conflict can occur. Organizational Change- if change is not accepted this can cause conflict especially if this change affects the culture of an organization. For example, a technology change may cause conflict if workers perceive they are not ready to handle it. (use other examples) Techniques to Manage Conflict Conflict may be managed If conflicts results in destructive outcomes then it must be managed. The various ways of managing conflict are Negotiation- this is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them. [4] Mediator- A neutral third party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasoning, persuasion, and suggestions for alternatives. Arbitrator- this involves a third party to a negotiation who has the authority to dictate an agreement. Conciliator- A trusted third party who provides an informal communication link between the negotiator and the opponent. Consultant- an impartial third party, skilled in conflict management, who attempts to facilitate creative problem solving through communication and analysis. The definition s of the former four was taken from Organizational Behaviour, Stephen Robbins, 2003. Also the positive ways of handling conflict (stage3 of the diagram) Collaborate, Compromise and Accommodate (expand on these points) Other ways are Superordinate goals; this is creating a shared goal that cannot be attained without the working together of the conflicting groups. Smoothing- de-emphasizing on differences while looking at the common interest. Behavioural Change techniques can be used to alter personality. Structural Change Techniques can be used to avoid interactions between the conflicting groups Conclusion In conclusion conflict in an organization is inevitable. In essence, in the 1930’s and 40’s the Traditional View enveloped that all conflict as destructive and hence should be avoided at all cost. Additionally conflict is unavoidable in all organizations and it can never be eliminated. It has been proposed that conflict may also be advantageous to a group’s performance. The aforementioned denoted the Human Relations View which was prevalent among the late 1940’s and mid 1970’s. Moreover, the interactionist view states that a minimal level of conflict is necessary for the stimulation of creativity. Furthermore conflict can operate on various levels namely Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Intergroup. It is caused mainly through communication, structural and personal behaviour factors. Communication factors pertain to the distortion of information along the communication line. Structural factors that lead to conflict may include size, staff heterogeneity, participation, line staff distinctions, Reward systems, Resource Interdependence and Power. Bibliography The following was taken from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conflict and can be redone from an organizational perspective Conflict is a state of opposition, disagreement or incompatibility between two or more people or groups of people, which is sometimes characterized by physical violence. Military conflict between states may constitute war. [edit] Definitions In political terms, â€Å"conflict† refers to an ongoing state of hostility between two or more groups of people. Conflict as taught for graduate and professional work in conflict resolution commonly has the definition: â€Å"when two or more parties, with perceived incompatible goals, seek to undermine each other's goal-seeking capability†. One should not confuse the distinction between the presence and absence of conflict with the difference between competition and co-operation. In competitive situations, the two or more parties each have mutually inconsistent goals, so that when either party tries to reach their goal it will undermine the attempts of the other to reach theirs. Therefore, competitive situations will by their nature cause conflict. However, conflict can also occur in cooperative situations, in which two or more parties have consistent goals, because the manner in which one party tries to reach their goal can still undermine the other. A clash of interests, values, actions or directions often sparks a conflict. Conflicts refer to the existence of that clash. Psychologically, a conflict exists when the reduction of one motivating stimulus involves an increase in another, so that a new adjustment is demanded. The word is applicable from the instant that the clash occurs. Even when we say that there is a potential conflict we are implying that there is already a conflict of direction even though a clash may not yet have occurred. [edit] Types and Modes of Conflict A conceptual conflict can escalate into a verbal exchange and/or result in fighting. Conflict can exist at a variety of levels of analysis: †¢ intrapersonal conflict (though this usually just gets delegated out to psychology) †¢ interpersonal conflict †¢ emotional conflict †¢ group conflict †¢ organizational conflict †¢ community conflict †¢ intra-state conflict (for example: civil wars, election campaigns) †¢ international conflict †¢ environmental resources conflict †¢ intersocietal conflict †¢ intra-societal conflict †¢ ideological conflict †¢ diplomatic conflict †¢ economic conflict †¢ military conflict religious-based conflict (for example: Center For Reduction of Religious-Based Conflict) Conflicts in these levels may appear â€Å"nested† in conflicts residing at larger levels of analysis. For example, conflict within a work team may play out the dynamics of a broader conflict in the organization as a whole. (See Marie Dugan's article on Nested Conflict. John Paul Lederach has also written on this. ) Theorists have claimed that parties can conceptualise responses to conflict according to a two-dimensional scheme; concern for one's own outcomes and concern for the outcomes of the other party. This scheme leads to the following hypotheses: †¢ High concern for both one's own and the other party's outcomes leads to attempts to find mutually beneficial solutions. †¢ High concern for one's own outcomes only leads to attempts to â€Å"win† the conflict. †¢ High concern for the other party's outcomes only leads to allowing the other to â€Å"win† the conflict. †¢ No concern for either side's outcomes leads to attempts to avoid the conflict. In Western society, practitioners usually suggest that attempts to find mutually beneficial solutions lead to the most satisfactory outcomes, but this may not hold true for many Asian societies. Several theorists detect successive phases in the development of conflicts. Often a group finds itself in conflict over facts, goals, methods or values. It is critical that it properly identify the type of conflict it is experiencing if it hopes to manage the conflict through to resolution. For example, a group will often treat an assumption as a fact. The more difficult type of conflict is when values are the root cause. It is more likely that a conflict over facts, or assumptions, will be resolved than one over values. It is extremely difficult to â€Å"prove† that a value is â€Å"right† or â€Å"correct†. In some instances, a group will benefit from the use of a facilitator or process consultant to help identify the specific type of conflict. Practitioners of nonviolence have developed many practices to solve social and political conflicts without resorting to violence or coercion. [edit] Examples †¢ Approach-avoidance conflict is an example of intrapersonal conflict. †¢ The Vietnam Conflict is commonly regarded as a war. †¢ The Arab-Israeli conflict forms a historic and ongoing conflict between Israel and Arab interests. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Catholic-Protestant conflict in Northern Ireland furnishes an example of another notable historic conflict. For information on the conflict, see the Troubles, Bloody Sunday (Northern Ireland 1972), the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan Bombings and the 1998 Omagh bombing. †¢ Many conflicts have a supposedly racial or ethnic basis. This would include such conflicts as the Bosnian-Croatian conflict (see Kosovo), the conflict in Rwanda. †¢ Class conflict forms an important topic in much Marxist thought. †¢ Another type of conflict exists between governments and guerrilla groups or groups engaged in asymmetric warfare. = [edit] Causes of Conflict Structural Factors (How the company is set up) †¢ Specialization (The experts in fields) †¢ Interdependance (A company as a whole can't operate w/o other departments) †¢ Common Resources (Sharing the same secretary) †¢ Goal Differences (One person wants production to rise and others want communication to rise) †¢ Authority Relationships (The boss and employees beneath him/her) †¢ Status Inconsistencies †¢ Jurisdicational Ambiguities (Who can discipline who) Personal Factors †¢ Skills and Abilities †¢ Personalities †¢ Perception Values and Ethics †¢ Emotions †¢ Communication barriers †¢ Cultural Differences â€Å"Conflict is an emotionally defined and driven,† and â€Å"do es not exist in the absence of emotion. † There are many components to the emotions that are intertwined with conflict. There is a behavioral, physiological, cognitive component. †¢ Behavioral- The way emotional experience gets expressed which can be verbal or non-verbal and intentional or un-intentional. †¢ Physiological- The bodily experience of emotion. The way emotions make us feel in comparison to our identity. Cognitive- The idea that we â€Å"assess or appraise† an event to reveal its relevancy to ourselves. These three components collectively advise that â€Å"the meanings of emotional experience and expression are determined by cultural values, beliefs, and practices. † †¢ Cultural values- culture tells people who are a part of it, â€Å"Which emotions ought to be expressed in particular situations† and â€Å"what emotions are to be felt. † †¢ Physical- This escalation results from â€Å"anger or frustration. † â € ¢ Verbal- This escalation results from â€Å"negative perceptions of the annoyer’s character. There are several principles of conflict and emotion. †¢ 1. Conflict is emotionally Defined-conflict involves emotion because something â€Å"triggers† it. The conflict is with the parties involved and how they decide to resolve it â€Å"Events that trigger conflict are events that elicit emotion. † †¢ 2. Conflict is emotionally Valenced- Emotion levels during conflict can be intense or less intense. The â€Å"intensity† levels â€Å"may be indicative of the importance and meaning of the conflict issues for each† party. †¢ 3. Conflict Invokes a Moral Stance- When an event occurs it can be interpreted as moral or immoral. The judging of this morality â€Å"Influences one’s orientation to the conflict, relationship to the parties involved, and the conflict issues†. †¢ 4. Conflict is Identity based- Emotions and Identity are a part of conflict. When a person knows there values, beliefs, and morals they are able to determine whether the conflict is personal, relevant, and moral. â€Å"Identity related conflicts are potentially more destructive. † †¢ 5. Conflict is Relational- â€Å"conflict is relational in the sense that emotional communication conveys relational definitions that impact conflict. † â€Å"Key relational elements are power and social status. Emotions are acceptable in the workplace as long as they can be controlled and utilized for productive organizational outcomes. – Bibliography ———————– [1] K. W. Thomas, â€Å"Conflict and Negotiation Process in Organizations,† in Dunnette and Hough (eds. ), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2ne ed. , vol. 3, 1992 [2] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Organization [3] R. R Mc Crae and T. Costa, Reinterpreting the Myers- Briggs Type indicator from the perspective of the five factor model of personality, Journal of Personality, March 1989 [4] J. A. Wall, Jr. , Negotiation: Theory and Practice, 1985 ———————– Antecedent Conditions Communication Structure Personal Variables Perceived Conflict Felt Conflict Conflict Handling Intentions Competing Collaborating Compromising Avoiding Accommodating Overt Conflict Party’s Behaviour Other’s Reaction Increased Group Performance Decreased Group Performance Stage 1 Potential Opposition or Incompatibility Stage 2 Cognition and Personalization Stage 3 Intentions Stage 4 Behaviour Stage 5 Outcomes

The Between Humans And Animals - 1461 Words

ves to kill of the unhealthy or weak members. When unnatural predation forced by humans makes way into the picture to simply hang the head of a beautiful, large mammal, it takes the important figures ability away to keep a population strong and protected. Another substantial issue caused by game hunts is when animals approached to be haunted escape, they pose a large threat on the native wildlife in natural ecosystems (Why Sport Hunting Is Cruel and Unnecessary, n.d.). Overall, this â€Å"exotic† pastime is opposed by the majority in the United States, resulting in the derivation of anti-hunting organizations and even the â€Å"No Hunting† signs often posted in even our own backyards. The opinions are subject to change depending on the motives of the individual hunter and the different uses of the sport. The relationship between humans and animals has greatly evolved within the past 12,000 years. With this being said, the treatment of animals has as well, leading to different approaches we as humans take when it comes to the use or treatment of animals. Sentientist approaches to ethics are divided into two different types: animal welfare and animal rights views. The â€Å"animal rights† approach refers to views that credit individual moral rights to animals. Animal rights advocates are radicals who seek to abolish certain practices that involve the use of animals. These advocates are â€Å"driven by emotional attachments to animals rather than reason and are poorly informed about the nature ofShow MoreRelatedThe Between Humans And Animals1225 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom one another on the mind. Where Descartes emphasizes the difference between humans and animals, Hobbes does the opposite. 2. The political philosophies of Hobbes and Locke differ from one another. 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