Ap History Essay essays

Ap History Essay essays Declaration of Independence is considered one of the most important documents in world history because its effects were felt around the world and not only in its place of origin, the United States. While blacks used context from the declaration to challenge slavery in the United States, the French used its ideals to start their own revolution. The Declaration of Independence can be seen to be one of the few documents that had a profound impact on the world, and this can be easily seen because of the changes it brought forth. The Declaration of Independence was a document made by several delegates of the U.S. in 1776. It was simply made as a document that declared the independence of the 13 British colonies in America. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration after a few changes were made to it. Even though I think the Declarations main purpose was to declare the colonies independent, there were many other ideas the declaration addressed. There are many important abstractions in the Declaration of Independence. These abstractions such as: rights, freedom, liberty and happiness have become the foundations of American society and have helped shape the American identity. Power, another abstraction that reoccurs in all major parts of the Declaration plays equally important role in shaping American identity. One forgets the abstraction of power because it appears in relation to other institutions: the King, the earth, and the military. Even though power is addressed very indirectly in the declaration its existence is still valued. All of these important abstractions collectively have led to major changes in the world. A very simple phrase: all men are created equal which is included in the Declaration of Independence was quickly used by blacks in the U.S. to question slavery. They wondered if all men were indeed created equal then how could one m ...

Explaining the Expository Essay

Explaining the Expository Essay What exactly is an expository essay? All you may know about it right now is that your teacher assigned you an expository essay and now you have to not only figure out what topic youre going to write about, but you also have to figure out what exactly it is and how it works. Its likely that the expository essay has been making students collectively groan since its invention, but were going to argue here that it doesnt have to be that way. The expository essay, while kind of a broadly interpreted kind of essay, is about digging up facts, making an argument, and possibly even discovering something new. When you are writing your essay, think of yourself as an archaeologist who is digging into the earth to learn more about its history, or as a 15th century explorer who is embarking out to find new land. With this blog post we hope to provide an explanation of the expository essay, how to best write it, and the general format that it follows- with plenty of examples along the way.What is t he expository essay?An expository essay is a way to research about topics and explore new ideas.The expository essay is a way for students to explore new ideas, research about topics, make a claim, and then provide evidence for backing up this claim that theyve made. The expository essay is ideally one that is based on unbiased facts from credible sources, and is a good way for students to practice organizing their thoughts in a structured way. An expository essay can be about just any topic- while of course adhering to the teachers instructions- and can even be a bit of fun if you let it. Your essay should consist of a thesis statement in your introduction, several body paragraphs that provide evidence to the claim you made in your thesis statement, and a conclusion that wraps up everything that youve discovered along the way.Now that youre getting familiar with the basics of the expository essay, lets take a look at what each section of the essay will look like in detail.What is a thesis statement?A good expository essay will consist of a strong thesis statement, which will go into the first paragraph of the essay (also known as the introduction). The thesis statement, as you may remember, makes an argument about your chosen topic and will typically guide the direction of the rest of your paper by making claims that you can talk about in the body. Your thesis statement will emerge as you do research on your topic, and not the other way around. A very common theme when researching for a paper is that students will go into their papers thinking one thing about their subject and then after doing some research will have a completely different conclusion.As we go along in this blog about essays we will be building our own essay for you to look to as an example. Our essay topic is about school start times.Well begin with our sample thesis statement:Middle schools and high schools should consider starting the school day later so that students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend, they could concentrate better, and improve their overall education performance.How do I research and write the body paragraphs?The body paragraphs of your expository essay are the meat of the paper. They are the part of the essay that backs up the claims that you made in your thesis statement, and are really the main attraction of the entire essay. When you are researching about your paper topic, most of the information that you find is going to end up being written about in the body paragraphs. And the introduction paragraph and the conclusion paragraph are mostly just a broad overview of what the body paragraphs have to say.Researching your paperSo what kinds of information should you look at when youre researching to write the meat of your paper? In this modern era of essay writing, the first step youll need to take is to do some online research. As we outlined earlier, though, its crucial for an expository essay to be thoroughly researched using unb iased and accurate resources. One thing that we all know about the Internet is that its filled with a lot of factual, useful information, but much of that is surrounded by false information that isnt verified by anyone or any entity. After all, anyone can make a website with copy- so you want to make sure that your research is giving you good information. So how do you know if its a good resource for you? Heres a good checklist to use as you research for your paper:Has the author signed his or her name to the piece? Though articles with unknown authors can sometimes be credible, for a general rule of thumb, its good to stick with articles or books that have been published by a notable journal, newspaper, or publishing company and that have an authors name attached to the work. You want to the know that the author wants to stick by their words and doesnt anonymously hide behind the Internet walls.Does the article have a date of publication? If the article youre looking at doesnt have a date of publication it may not be a credible source. A date can help you determine whether or not a sources work is still relevant.Does the website look well designed? Not every journal or newspaper has the budget for a beautifully designed website, but it should at the very least look professional. Does the website in question have a lot of pop up ads or a strange font? Does it just look off? Trust your gut instinct and look for another source if you see any of these flawed web designs.Is the writing poor? Does the writing read a little strange? Is the author not capitalizing things correctly or using bad language? You may be looking at a poor source. Credible sources typically will have an editor look at grammar and spelling before its published, so if youre seeing big mistakes then its likely that the rest of the information isnt accurate.Did you access the site through a simple Google search or did you go through your schools library site? Now, of course Google churns out som e credible material in a search. However, when you are researching for an academic paper its always best to start with your school librarys search portal for academic journals and verified articles. Ask a librarian or your teacher for more information about this if youre unsure how to begin.Writing your paperNow that we understand what good, solid research looks like, we can get to writing about it. After youve gathered all the information you need, youre going to need to organize it in a way that makes sense in your paper. Typically, expository essays are in the format of the traditional five-paragraph essay. Though your paper doesnt necessarily have to adhere to this structure (and you should definitely check with your teachers instructions before you begin), well stick with this format to explain how to make claims and support them.Remember that thesis statement that we made up? Were going to use that to guide our discussion throughout the body paragraphs.Here it is again, but th is time were going to dissect it:Middle schools and high schools should consider starting the school day later so that 1. students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend, 2. they could concentrate better, and 3. improve their overall education performance.Based on our research, weve determined that schools should start later based on these three reasons. Now that we have these reasons pointed out, were going to structure our paper using them. Heres how that should look:Body Paragraph 1 (Point 1)Students can get the amount of sleep that doctors recommend if middle schools and high schools started later.Supporting evidenceTransition sentenceBody Paragraph 2 (Point 2)Students could concentrate better if middle schools and high schools started later.Supporting evidenceTransition sentenceBody Paragraph 3 (Point 3)Students could improve their overall performance if middle schools and high schools started laterSupporting evidenceTransition sentenceThough this is a very basic st ructure of a short essay, it gives you a good idea of how to position your paper and can guide you as you write.How do I write my conclusion?The conclusion may seem like its the easiest part of the essay, but its just as critical to concentrate as much on the conclusion as you did with the thesis statement and the body paragraphs. Youre wrapping up your paper but you could also be providing a suggestion of future research, what your research didnt cover, and what we can gain by reading your essay.To write a good conclusion you must restate the main ideas that your essay touched on, summarize all the claims you made, and then tell the reader what we should be left with. Tell us if theres any room for further analysis and where we go from here.Proofread, proofread, and proofread some moreIts important to proofread your essay before you hand it in.No great novel or great work was ever constructed on the first draft. Even though it may tempting to start your essay the night before its d ue and crank it out really quickly, the real writing process is slow. It takes several drafts of something before it can look well thought out or sometimes even make sense. This is true whether youre a seasoned professional or youre a brand new writer.Take your time when youre writing. Really think about the words youre writing and the order in which you write them. When youre done with your first draft, youre most likely not really done with the paper. Take a few hours, or even a few days if you have the time, and dont look at it for a bit. Allow your brain and your eyes to take a break, and then come back to it with a fresh look.When you go in to write your second draft, look for mechanical errors like spelling and grammar (and no, spell check will not see everything!) and then look at the overall structure of your paper.Though it may seem silly, reading your paper out loud is one of the best ways to catch any glaring errors that your eyes may be skipping over. Read your paper out loud to your parents, a friend, or even a dog that is willing to listen.Once youve gone over it a few times, rearrange or fix whats needed. If youre not sure of how best to fix it, consider seeking the advice of a professional editor, a friend, or a teacher. The last thing your instructor wants is for you to sit alone and struggle with your writing. Dont be afraid to reach out for help when you need it.

Rooms Division Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rooms Division - Assignment Example The functions of the reception office include: There are wide ranges of front office services which include: Reservations, check-in and registration, mail and information, uniformed service and baggage handling, telephone calls and messages, handling guest accounts, and check-out and bill settlement. These operations start from the time a guest calls or sends in a request for reservation/accommodation (www.answers.com). Therefore the staff of the front office starts interacting with guest by taking in guest information and reservation request, leading to confirmation of reservation and finally to the handling of guest on arrival and guest check-in. Front office takes in the guest information for future use and provides the guest with information about the hotel and its various services and thus becomes the connecting link between the guest and the hotel (www.hotelmanagement.com). The pivotal role played by the front office is quite apparent from this very fact that it is the centre of all activities connected with guests in the hotel. Therefore, the decisions regarding the sale of a room to a particular guest, availability and allocation of a room, maintaining guest account by coordinating with the housekeeping and room service are the major front-of-the office activities. It is the first contact a customer has with the hotel. If it is sort from the start, it makes transition much easier when they are in the hotel. The key to the success of a hotel business is service which starts with the first contact between the guest and the hotel personnel of the front office. The way guests are received and treated is very vital because it becomes the basis of their impression and conditions their disposition about what the hotel provides. It is necessary to have a well-defined plan of a Hotel front office area to enhance smooth operations since the front office area is the first place a customer comes into contact on

PCM Theory and Audio Reduction Codecs and Techniques Research Paper

PCM Theory and Audio Reduction Codecs and Techniques - Research Paper Example Instead, compressed PCM variants are normally employed. However, numerous Blu-ray format movies use the uncompressed the PCM for audio. Frequently, PCM encoding enables digital transmission from a point to another (in a certain system, or geographically) in a serial form.   However, due to the computer and digital network communications advancements, a lot of information or data is transmitted using the pulse wave modulation technique. Pulse wave modulation may be used to transmit analog audio signal or information with a particular rate to sample analog signal - this rate is what is called the transmission rate. On the receiver, the delivered signal is demodulated by the Pulse-code modulation (PCM) demodulator to recuperate the original continuous analog signal wave. Generally, PCM can be classified as a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse position modulation (PPM), pulse code modulation (PCM), and pulse width modulation (PWM). PAM, PPM, and PWM modulations are affiliated to a nalog modulation while the PCM modulation is affiliated to digital modulation. It is important to take note that PCM modulation is a real digital signal which can be processed and digitally stored by a computer. However, PPM, PWM, and PAM modulations are similar to PM, FM, and AM modulations, respectively (Aksoy & DeNardis, 2007, p. 112). For all pulse wave modulation, before the modulation, the original continuous form signal has to be sampled and the sampling rate for the sampling signal must not below, otherwise, the recovered signal will bring about distortion. The sampling rate is subject to the sampling theorem, whereby the sampling theorem states that: for a pulse wave modulation system, in the condition that the sampling rate excesses the double or more maximum frequency times of the signal, then distortion level of data recovery on the receiver will be its minimum. For instance, the frequency range of the audio signal is about 40 Hz ~ 4 kHz, the pulse wave modulation sampli ng signal frequency must be no less than 8 kHz, hence, the sampling error is reduced to the minimum (Maes & Vercammen, 2012, p. 67). During transmission, it is hard for the PCM signal to avoid noise distortion. Therefore, before the PCM signal sends to the PCM demodulator, a comparator is used to recover the PCM signal to its original level. The signal is a pulse wave signal series, so, before demodulating, the pulse wave signal series will be converted to a parallel digital signal by aid of a serial to a parallel converter After that, the signal passes through n-bits decoder (which should be D/A converter) for recovery of the digital signal to its original quantization value. However, in this quantization value includes not only the original audio signal alone, but also many high-frequency harmonics, hence; a low-pass filter is used to remove the undesirable signal at the final fragment. MPEG varieties The MPEG standards comprise of different Parts.  

Code of Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Code of Ethics Paper - Essay Example (Donaldson, 2005) Section 54.1 Disclosure of Confidential Information Prohibited., Section 68: Retention of Clients records, Section 68.5 Audit Documentation Retention and Destruction Policy are the policies that when violated can lead to criminal or vivil accountant liabilities. The controversy involving powerful institutions has made an immense impact in the corporate world leading to their downfall and the implementation of stringent laws of the government. Enron and Arthur Andersen faced the collapse of their careers which affected the industry and the birth of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The largest bankruptcy in history marked the existence of fraudulent accounting procedures by Enron and Arthur Andersen in 2001. the once blue chip stock ended up to be valued for small meager amounts. Most of Enron’s profits were from transactions with controlled limited partnerships which turned into debts that were not reported on its financial statements The economic implications of the Enron case included the accounting industry’s review of their financial policies with the fear of having the same fate as Enron. Other companies who also used the same aggressive accounting methods as Enron have been affected. They steered away from the limelight and have seemed to have lay-low for the meantime while the issues are still steaming.. The existence of corporate fraud was verified by the emergence of the Enron case. With this, President George W Bush enacted a new law which targets the detection and prevention of company fraud. The US Pension regulations underwent scrutiny when it was found out that the worker of Enron lost a huge amount of money due to their pensions scheme being invested largely in Enron’s own stocks. The accounting profession tried to reconsider its structure and policies to be able to take notes of those that need to

Marketing Management For The Service Industry Marketing Essay

Marketing Management For The Service Industry Marketing Essay Marketing analisys is a fundamental tool in constructing successful business. Understanding the market and where the firm is positioned helps to identify various factors that can influence company and its clients in order to figure out the feasibility of the product, distinguish project or possible evolution (Morgan, N., Pritchard, A. 2004). Therefore companies tend to adapt their approaches on business to the marketing environment. This report is the analysis of promotional strategy of the property described in the case study:  «Golden Arch Hotel: McDonalds Adventure in the Hotel Industry » from different perspectives. It discusses the examples of additional 3Ps of the Marketing Mix model, determines PEST and SWOT analysis, indicates the value that is created by this particular organization and evaluates the positioning concept of the firm. All discussed ideas are supported with examples from the case study, and some other theoretical information. Such are critically analysed and presented according to different methods of analyses. 2. Findings, Results and Analysis 2.1. Question 1 Explain the additional 3 Ps of the 7 Ps model and illustrate with examples from the case study. Analyze and explain how each one of those characteristics is important in the success of the Golden Arch Hotels. (written by Jae Woo Martin Jeong) Generally speaking, 7Ps marketing mix tools have become more and more important since the traditional marketing tools 4Ps were not enough to give a frame work for thinking of marketing and planning marketing strategy especially for service industries (Wilson and Gilligan 2005, p. 6). The additional 3Ps consisting of People, Process and Physical Evidence will be distinctively explained bellow with the examples from the case study and a simple graph of them will be shown on Appendix 1. People The first dimension of the expanded marketing mix is People. It indicates individuals who are directly and indirectly involved in providing customer satisfaction (Blythe 2009, p. 16). Golden Arch Hotel was running its hotels under the motivational job rotation principle according to the McDonalds restaurant philosophy, which aims to implement the consistent service standards for all the tasks. This was not only to bring customers satisfaction but also to produce synergy effect during the peak seasons by assigning employees to different positions and tasks (Michel 2005, p. 3~4). Process The second dimension is the Process, which is about how the product or service is delivered to clients to please them (Wilson and Gilligan 2005, p. 534). Golden Arch Hotel was giving high priority on cleanliness of the rooms by adopting McDonalds service standards (Michel 2005, p. 3), which is one of the most crucial factors for the guests satisfaction. Another distinguished process of Golden Arch Hotel was the hotels 24 hours operated McDonalds restaurant (Michel 2005, pp. 3). 24 hours food and beverage service was very unusual to find in Switzerland, however, it enabled both in-house and drive-through guests to get the meal at any time of the day. Physical Evidence The last dimension is Physical Evidence, which means the tangible proof of a service, such as: environmental surroundings of the products and services, ambient elements and everything that can be communicated how service has been delivered (Jeong, 2004). In the case of Golden Arch Hotel, it seemed to focus more on the guest rooms than any other hotel with facilities for guests comfort. Its efforts were proved by implementing in-room high-tech facilities such as electronic key, internet access and other computer facilities and investing large amount of money to accommodate oversized beds. Furthermore, it was also offering meeting rooms that could be flexibly transformed according to the numbers and the needs of the customers. In the case study about the Golden Arch Hotel, the important and undeniable role of additional 3Ps in the marketing mix tools are stated fairly clear through Golden Arch Hotels competitive advantages towards its competitors. That is because of the precise and reasonable use of marketing mix tools of the hotel management. 2.2. Question 3 The SWOT analysis is useful in creating a strategy that helps a business distinguish itself from its competitors. Why did the McDonalds decide to enter the hotel industry? What were the companys strengths that they hoped to transfer into this new venture? Were they able to do this? Why or why not? (Written by Diogo Pessoa e Costa) McDonalds Corporation decided to enter the hotel industry in the early 2000. This was part of a diversification strategy, which is proven way of generating new growth and to try to avoid complete market saturation. Another important reason was that the chairman of McDonalds Switzerland, Urs Hammer, came from an hotelier background and his knowledge and experience in the business was valued in taking over such a project. He firmly believed that the sharing of knowledge between the different restaurants would permit the emergence of new services or products. A SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or a business venture. It involves identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve specific goals and objectives. McDonalds hoped to transfer several of their strengths into this new business. These strengths included the fact that they provided fast and friendly service. The hotel crew would therefore consist of a permanent employee pool that could implement the consistent service standards for every task in order to better serve the guests. High focus was given to the interior design and layout of the hotel as well as room cleanliness and comfort. The firm also used their decent relationship with their suppliers and local communities as a marketing strong point to restore their image after several discoveries of unsanitary practices in McDonalds restaurants. Several weaknesses were found into this new adventure. First of all, one of McDonalds biggest problems had to do with their positioning statement. A four-star hotel in Switzerland means luxury therefore it did not match McDonalds brand image at all. Also, most analysts were not very convinced that this expansion fit well with the corporations overall strategy. This was just a test and there was no real possibility of penetrating other important markets. By examining customer feedback, you can clearly identify the hotels main weaknesses. The only food available was McDonalds and since the hotel was relatively isolated, you had almost no possibility of eating somewhere else. Also, the staff did not prove to be so friendly and some guests felt the hotel was odd and did not like the atmosphere created by the design. Finally, the brand name Golden Arch was not chosen carefully since the two words do not translate well into the German language. By identifying the different opportunities, you realize that the hotel has a great potential for success but unfortunately, it is not being used to the best of its capacity. Since the Golden Arch was an airport hotel, it could negotiate contracts with airlines or surrounding large companies in order to retain market share for layovers. Due to its proximity with the Zà ¼rich Messe and the Autobahn, the hotel could put in place an efficient marketing strategy that would also attract Frequent Individual travelers coming from all around the world. The threats involving such a project come from the hard competition surrounding hotels in Zà ¼rich. McDonalds had to compete with well-established hotel chains such as Mà ¶venpick, Hilton, and the Accor Group. Several of this hotels had a fine dining, had larger meeting rooms, and were situated either closer to the airport or to major business centers. Within three years, the 7500 hotels rooms in Zà ¼rich were to be supplemented by around 3000 more rooms. The danger was that the market was reaching over-capacity and this would have negative consequences for the Golden Arch and the surrounding hotels, both in terms of occupancy and ADR. Another threat was the fact that the Swiss Human resources were drying out. Nobody wanted the do the simple and dirty jobs (except for foreigners) and it was almost impossible to find chefs or front office personnel. This conditions favored labor piracy. 2.3. Question 4 According to theory, what is value and how is it created by a hospitality organization? How does the Golden Arch Company attempt to create value for its customers? Did they succeed? Illustrate with examples from the case study. (Written by Malgorzata Szal) (references?) Hospitality companies strategies nowadays are continuously developing through new trends and fashions that are instituted by people globally. They try to create new and innovative marketing strategy to give their brand a significant meaning. In this industry, clients satisfaction is the most important objective, therefore companies invest in their benefits and values in order to keep their promises by delivering successfully. Due to this process, people are able to differentiate one brand from one another and as well decide which company offers the most for them. Every potential guest possesses different values, which are determined by factors such as culture, traditions, birthplace and family status. Hotels around the world try to attract and satisfy the biggest part of their market target by researching, understanding and analyzing their needs and consequently provide them with what they desire. Because of that, value is mostly created through packages, which means products are mixed and sold together with service provided. Usually they include accommodation, food and entertainment. Such combination increases significantly the value of the service products. Once we understand the fundamental laws of the physical and social world, we can analyze, plan and control them (Smart, 1992) Golden Arch Company before reaching standards of four stars hotels had analyzed all customers needs. As they decided to attract businessmen their design was focused on this type of guests. They provide many benefits to create value for their client which are presented in physical evidence part of Appendix 1. Bith hotels of Golden Arch company can be accessed easily. People traveling by car can use the underground parking or above ground parking and eat in their McDonalds restaurant, open 24 hours which is unusual in Switzerland. The hotels designers tried as well to improve guests satisfaction by creating a unique layout of the building and to give an impression of larger rooms by placing the bathroom behind a glass door, which unfortunately raised complaints and the doors had to be replaced. All the managers and employees were determined to succeed and they delivered. Their occupancy rate is not high but the hotel started to make profit from the first month of its operation. Unfortunately, the rate of returning guests is very low. People are not satisfied of the whole concept of a four star hotel run by McDonald Company. Daniel Deutscher, the owner of DEKA Treuhand was very surprised when he heard of this investment. It is hard to believe and imagine the McDonalds hotel to achieve four stars. There are standards that are hard to cover. Some guests complaints were about the service quality in the front desk saying it is very poor (Michel 2005, p. 7) and about the bad decoration of the lobby, bar or even the bedroom influencing the atmosphere (Michel 2005, p. 6) Golden Arch Company tried to combine its well known fast food brand image of McDonalds with four-star luxury hotel brand. According to the figures shown in exhibits in the case study, this idea has not been a success as forecasted. 2.4. Question 5 Explain the concept of Positioning and describe how The Golden Arch Hotel was positioned in this very competitive market. What market segments was the hotel hoping to reach? Did the company succeed? Why or why not? (Written by Kateryna Krupka) Positioning is defined as  «arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place relative to competing products in the mind of consumers » (Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T. and Makens, J.C. 2010). According to the same authors, such has to be designed taking in consideration customer value differences, and therefore either increasing the benefits of the product, either decreasing some of its costs. As it is described in the case study, it was decided to position the Golden Arch Hotel as a 4-star property with luxury service and some business facilities. The hotel most probably attempted to reach the customers, coming from the airport for a night stay, as well as wealthy business people with a need of advanced comfort, coming for the meetings or conferences. However this appeared to be done unsuccessfully due to some factors, analysis of these is provided onwards. One of the most significant issues in regards to a hotel property is dining facilities. In discussed case McDonalds restaurant was the only place for the guests to eat, which might be enough for the people who are staying overnight, but seem to be not acceptable for the customers who stay longer. Furthermore, if the aimed customer was expected to stay some days entertainment facilities should have been provided, but this was not the case. Another important point is that Golden Arch had some of the additional facilities such as conference rooms and beds that modify their position, but did not fulfill some of the basic needs of its customers. One of these is need of food and drinks, as it was discussed before. The other one is safety need that was not fulfilled due to hotels location close to the large avenue and small amount of people around. However, according to one of the quests, the prices for the rooms were of high range. This also signifies that wealthy people were aimed to be attracted. Meanwhile guests were complaining about not getting immidiate service, having to ring the bell for the receptionist to come, as well as to ask for the possibility of having rooms sold at a better rate. Furthermore there was a situation decribed when the guests were clearly at the position of cheaper  «post 9pm walk-in » rate, and were not told that such posibility exists. Moreover these costomers were told to buy three rooms for five people at the full price. Clearly such suggestion did not satisfy their expectations. This attitude towards clients damages reputation of the property and affects its positioning in a negative way. Thus, it can be generalized, that all the details in the product have to coinside with the image drawn by positioning. Additionaly, inside the rooms there were many signes indicating that the hotel belongs to McDonalds company, however from outside this was not the case. According to the appendixes of the case ctudy, the logo of the hotel is different, and the name does not have  «McDonalds » in it, moreover, it is silently located by the side of the road. These should probably be done vice-versa, as the signs and logo might attract the guest to the property from outside and seem not to be needed inside of the rooms in such quantity. It it suggested that  «If the company promises greater value, it must then deliver greater value » (Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T. and Makens, J.C. 2010). Failure of compliance of this is probably the reason of unsuccessful positioning of the Golden Arch brand. The image, ambiance and service are seem to be transfered from the McDonalds restaurant insted of being developed specifically for the hotel. Nevertheless McDonalds brand statement is  «Everyday affordability » (MacDonald 2008) and the Golden Arch meant to be luxury, however these two types of brand do not normally attract the same market. Therefore some issues were not addressed properly, such as fulfilling basic needs of the guests, selling accommodation at a price that corresponds the level of its facilities and providing appropriate service. 3. Conclusions In a competitive marketing environment, located close to Zurich airport and A1 highway, Golden Arch hotels seemed to be successfully at implementing McDonalds service standard into their hotels, high-tech facilities and unique design features. These were enforcing the image of the property and helping to sell its services. However poor customer satisfaction as well as improper positioning led to destruction of the brand image in the minds of clients. After the analyses were done, it was recognised that there are some changes that should have been done by the company in order to improve such situation. Firstly the company should have re-evaluated its service standards before implementing to the luxury segment. Secondly, they should have implemented impactive service audit program. Furthermore they could have matched the design with the class of hotel and type of customers. Finally, the hotel should have either repositioned itself as a lower-class property, either added some facilities that match 4-star range, such as, for example, one more restaurant. 4. Appendixes Appendix 1 (Michel, S. 2005)

Immigration: Is America Really a Melting Pot? Essay -- mulitculturalis

Zangwill (1908) wrote, â€Å" God is making the American!...the real American had not yet arrived. He will be the fusion of all races, perhaps the coming superman†¦the glory of America, where all races and nations come to labor and look forward.† This is an exert from the play â€Å"The Melting Pot.† Israel Zangwill was Jewish born in England, January 21, 1864 in London, England. Besides the â€Å"The Melting Pot,† Zangwill used his pen to defend women’s suffrage, Jewish emancipation, assimilation and Zionism. Zionism is the Jewish liberation movement (Wikipedia, 2012). In 1909, â€Å"The Melting Pot† was opened in Washington D.C. It was a hit. President Theodore Roosevelt gave the play high reviews. The New York Metropolitan Playhouse ran the production in 2006. Zangwill married Edith Ayron, who was a feminist and an accomplished author in her own right. He passed away at age 62 in West Sussex, England (Rochelson, n.d.). Zangwill had an idea and vision of what cultural assimilation would become. This idealistic approach of Americas â€Å"melting pot† is a multifaceted theory on its own. There are many aspects to the American assimilation. This involves leaving part of ones cultural identification to join a larger American culture in search of work and a means to sustain. Many aspects of this vision have begun to unfold in our culture over the past century. Some of the cultural assimilation examples will be addresses as well as what the Bible might say regarding this vision. There are also some weaknesses or differences that can be found in the â€Å"modern melting pot† concept. â€Å"Today the trend is toward multiculturalism, not assimilation. The old "melting pot" metaphor is giving way to new metaphors such as "salad bowl" and "mosaic", mixtures of vari... ...metaphor: why coerc, HoHoNu, A Journal of Academic Writing, 4(1) Web. 22 Nov. 2015. http://hilo.hawaii.edu/academics/hohonu/writing.php?id=91 Parrillo, V., (2009) Strangers to these shores: race and ethnic relations in the United States, (9th ed.), Boston, MA, Allyn & Bacon Preston, J. (2011) 11.2 million immigrants in the U.S. in 2010, report says, no change from ’09, The New York Times, Web. 28 Nov. 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/02/us/02immig.html Rochelson, M., (n.d.) Israel Zandwill, Jewish virtual library, Web. 30 Nov. 2015. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/zangwill.html ThinkQuest (n.d.) The Chinese, Immigration, the Journey to America, Web. 18 Nov. 2015. http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Chinese.html Wikipedia (2012) Israel Zangwill, Web. 19 Nov. 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Zangwill

Do you agree that Yeats creates a scene of tragic intensity in Purgatory?

Do you agree that Yeats creates a scene of tragic intensity in Purgatory, or is the play too short and the characters too thinly evinced for this to be the case? The play Purgatory was written in 1938 by Yeats as a single-scene play revolving around the idea of tragic intensity. Yeats was a philosophical writer, choosing meaningful subject matters to discuss in his work. In this case, he chose to symbolise the destruction of Ireland created by the controversy of religion after being inspired by other plays such as Shakespeare's Hamlet and using the definitions set out by Aristotle after he studied the elements that made up a great tragedy. In order to create a successful tragedy, Yeats used the Aristotelian unities: time, action and place. The timing of the play ensures a strong plausibility as the action is all dealt with in real-time, therefore reducing the imagination needed on behalf of the audience increasing the plausibility. The setting throughout the play is in a confined place upon the stage with very few changes made, allowing little release of tension. This intimate setting forces closeness between the characters and audience: though it finishes with the Old Man abandoning the scene leaving it desolate. The complexity of Shakespeare's Hamlet, there are more precise actions and plot in Purgatory, making it easier to understand, and allowing the seemingly simple plot to have all attention on it, resulting in a claustrophobic and tense atmosphere. In Purgatory there are only two characters for the audience to focus on, which provides enough space and time in his play to create characters that are evinced clearly enough to serve their purpose as model examples of an old and a young boy, which provides the plot with a deeper impact. Due to the relationship between the father and son, there is intensity between the characters as they should share a close bond and yet they both ignore and insult each other with snide remarks such as â€Å"silly old man. † Yet, the characters do share an attempted intimacy as the Old Man retells his painful and distressing story in the form of a monologue that is interrupted by the Boy. The Boy is ignored and this increases the drama and emphasizes the communication difficulties between the characters. Although Yeats characterises the Old Man and Boy to an extent, the lack of details reinforces the cold and detached elements of the play, and without names they are left unidentified to the audience and therefore could appear as symbolisations of anyone. Fear of the supernatural emerges from the fear of the unknown, and Yeats uses this idea to extend his tragic scene by presenting the ghosts as a misunderstood and mysterious element due to the Old Man not knowing how to prevent the ghosts from returning. He also doesn't know how to deal with them, which can be seen in the way he attempts communicate with his mother by shouting â€Å"Don't let him touch you! † despite knowing that she cannot hear him and he cannot interfere. Death is a foreboding unknown in everyone's life that most are afraid of, and in Purgatory Yeats uses this to foreshadow the Boy's death as the he mentions â€Å"Now I am young and you are old. † This creates confusion and tension as it is unclear who will die. Although the ghosts' role in the play is limited, their presence is a constant reminder of past events, present actions and the future to come that all relates to death. This tension and the compactness of the play help to increase the intensity as well as invoke fear in the audience, which contributes to the final catharsis Yeats uses cyclical chronology within the play to illustrate the idea of time being a continual concept that cannot be stopped. It highlights the eternal nature of purgatory and expands the idea of the inevitability of the drama. Yeats' use of the hoof beats signals the reoccurring cycle, allowing the events to begin and for the audience, who cannot hear the noise, to question the sanity of the Old Man. The simple lighting in the window, the props, stage effects and setting all help form the audience's perception of a void place, therefore a tragic location filled with intensity, as anything more flamboyant would detract from the tragedy and therefore reduce its strength by distracting the attention onto details that do not contribute. Purgatory effectively demonstrates tragic intensity due to the brevity of the drama. This ensures that the audience's focus is concentrated to such an extent on the plot that the drama becomes claustrophobic. There is no scenic juxtaposition, underlying subplot or change in scenery, which exaggerates this overpowering atmosphere and prevents a release from the tragedy – instead, a build-up of tension is created. Visually, the play is very precise and concentrated, and the anxiety of the dialogue is maintained until the final moments of the play, due to Yeats using his characters to produce emotions of fear and terror in the audience. The amount of emotional fluctuations in the short play only heightens the intensity by creating an overwhelming scene which leaves the audience emotionally exhausted before culminating in catharsis. Props and setting are essential to the play as the relevance of the knife and money goes straight to the core of the plot. Because there are no distractions on the stage, tension is created due to the attention and detail and each prop's significance is more obvious and important. The â€Å"jack-knife† relates to a jackdaw – a species of birds that commit mercy killings amongst their flock, echoing the way the Old Man ends up stabbing his son, as it can be interpreted into the act of salvation of his mother. The setting too contains poignant features that are considerably tragic themselves. The tree is a constant reminder of the destruction of the Old Man's family members as Yeats' use of symbolism makes it a representation of his family tree. The house shows the ruins of the family's livelihood and the fall of nobility, increasing the visual intensity seen upon the stage. It is also seen to represent a wider scale issue, the destruction of Ireland, and this symbolism shows the vast ruin of a country concentrated to a mere house. This is intensified as the tragedy is not reduced but shown on a small scale. Harold Bloom1 criticized Purgatory by attacking Yeats, believing there is â€Å"confusion†¦ n the play. † Bloom found the ending of the play a mass of confusion rather than causing the surge of emotions that are evoked at the end of a tragedy. This brings up the debate as to whether Yeats created an intense piece of drama or just a bewildering fifteen minute sketch. However, even if Purgatory is confusing due to the brevity, the mysterious plot can add to the overall tragedy, leaving the audience unsure of what they have witnessed, and fearful due to the rash actions of the Old Man and the presence of the paranormal. In conclusion, Yeats creates a scene with brimming with tragic intensity by using the minimal props, time, characters and plot. The brevity of Purgatory ensures a ‘scene of tragic intensity' due to the resulting starkness, claustrophobia and desolate tone. The horrifying drama concludes with an dark, empty set, which is how it had started, therefore presenting the cyclicality of purgatory on the stage for the audience to see. Yeats successfully moulded every aspect of tragedy at his disposal and created an intensely dramatic production.

Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essays

Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essays Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essay Kudler Fine Food Compensation Plan Essay Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) is an upscale specialty food store that stocks the very best domestic and imported foods products. Kudler is divided into five departments; fresh bakery and pastries, fresh produce, fresh meat/seafood, condiments, packaged foods, cheeses, and specialty dairy products. As an upscale specialty food store, KFF has provided its customers with the finest selection of gourmet products imported from around the world. The organization has had enormous success because of the products they sell as well as the service they provide. The organization has developed new strategies and objectives that will help promote growth and profitability. Kathy Kudler, founder of KFF now wants to focus on expanding their services, improving the efficiency of its operation, and increasing the consumer purchase cycle as a means to increasing the loyalty and profitability of its consumers (UOP, 2009). Kudlers strategic objectives are to increase customer loyalty through a frequent shopper program and expanding services. The new strategy is very customer service oriented and requires the organization also to develop and implement a new compensation strategy. This paper will develop compensation for the six critical positions within the KFF organization, provide a job analysis along with a job description, explain the skill-based job-design preference, examine competitive compensation rates within the market, describe the message that compensation strategies covey to employees, provide a recommendation and implementation of the new compensation plan and illustrate a performance appraisal that will be used by KFF for each level within the organization. This paper will ultimately propose a compensation plan with strategies that will help KFF obtain their long-term profitability and human resource objectives. Job Analysis Job analysis is in essence is the combination of job descriptions and job specifications or skills necessary to perform the duties and responsibilities of a job. Job analysis involves the determination of the skills require to perform a particular job. It details the tasks, procedures, skills, and attitude needed for successful performance of the job or position. Many companies and managers use job descriptions and job analysis to set employee goals and objectives, so they are tied into the needs of the work unit or company (Bhushan, 2000, p. 2). Job analysis plays an important role in developing a compensation strategy. Job analysis should be used when developing a compensation package, the job requirements and skills listed in a job analysis should be used to help determine salary. Organizations use information obtained by job analysis for recruitment, selection, placement, organization planning, job design, training, grievance settlement, as well as job evaluation and other compensation programs (Bhushan, 2000, p. 2). The following is a Job Analysis Table that will help KFF in determining the proper compensation structure for their six critical positions; Store Manager, Assistant Store Manager, Department Manager, Cashier, Stock Person, and Bagger. Job design is an integral part of the job analysis process. Job design is made up of two approaches; job-based approach and skill-based approach. It helps to decide the content of the job in terms of responsibilities. Job-based approach deals with the responsibilities of a job or position. With this approach employees are hired to fill open positions, trained to perform the tasks, and rewarded based on performance levels (Lawler, 1994). Job-based approach relies heavily on the contents of the job and the duties and tasks related to completing the job, this approach is strictly concerned with the job itself and human capital or skills. A job-based plan pays employee for the job to which they are assigned, regardless of the skills they possess (Milkovich, 2005). Job-based pay structure is based on job performed and job market and pay increases are through promotion. Skill-based approach deals with the skills it takes to complete the responsibilities and duties of a position. This approach has a major focus on the skills employees possess as oppose to the job. Skill-based approach is most effective in work situations where knowledge work is involved and where individuals can add significant value to the product or service (Lawler Ledford, 1992, p. 384). The skill-based approach pay structure is based on skills certification and the market and pay increases are provided through on skill acquisition. Structures based on skill pay individuals for all the skills for which they have been certified regardless of whether the work they are doing requires all or just a few of those particular skills (Milkovich, 2005). Both approaches offer valid advantages and disadvantages however I strongly prefer the use of skills-based approach. This approach will be the approach for Kudler Foods as it is in the growth stage of business. As organizations grow their business needs change and the jobs they offer change as well. The skill sets for the organization evolve and become more important and valuable.

George Dangerfields view that by the end of 1913, Liberal England was reduced to ashes Essay Example

George Dangerfields view that by the end of 1913, Liberal England was reduced to ashes Essay Example George Dangerfields view that by the end of 1913, Liberal England was reduced to ashes Paper George Dangerfields view that by the end of 1913, Liberal England was reduced to ashes Paper Dangerfield, author of Strange death of Liberal England, sees the years leading to the outbreak of war in 1914 as problematic for the Liberals to say the least. Following their remarkable victory in the 1906 election, the Liberals formed arguably the most brilliant and constructive government of the twentieth century (Adelman, Decline of the Liberal Party 1910-1931). Yet they were plagued with problems throughout the period of 1906 to the outbreak of war. During the pre war period the Liberals faced many problems and their support was badly damaged in the period, highlighted in the 1910 election results. The constitutional crisis, challenges from Labour and with it industrial militancy, Ireland, the Suffragette movement, internal difficulties Asquiths leadership and problems within the cabinet were all problems the Liberals had to face. All these factors contributed to the growing pressure on the shoulders of the Liberal government, Dangerfield takes the view that the Liberal government to all intents and purposes cracked under the pressure and by the end of 1913 all that they had fought so hard to achieve in the latter stages of the nineteenth century had been reduced to ashes and the flame of British Liberalism had been extinguished, never to burn in all its incandescent glory again. : Yet there are many criticisms that are aimed at Dangerfield and his ideas, many believe he overlooked the achievements of the Liberals, the impact of New Liberalism and he made many other misjudgements that make his assessment of the pre war era for the Liberals inaccurate. The problems began early in the Liberal term, as numerous bills the Liberals put forward were rejected by the House of Lords, which were dominated by Conservatives who used the House of Lords as a second strand of opposition to the Liberals. It was in April 1909 with the rejection of the controversial Peoples Budget (it was the first finance bill to be rejected in 200 years) that the situation reached its most problematic stage. The Liberals felt that essential bills were not being introduced because of Conservative prejudice, Lloyd George went as far as to say The House of Lords is not the watchdog of the constitution, it is Mr. Balfours poodle. The defeat of the Budget forced Asquith to dissolve parliament, in the general elections that ensued in 1910, the Liberals majority was seriously cut into; they went from 400 MPs elected in 1906 to 272 in the December election of 1910. The Liberals were only able to remain in power with the support of Labour and the Irish Nationalists. Although the statistics suggest the Liberals were damaged severely by the constitutional crisis of 1909-1911, Dangerfield overlooks their successes that resulted from the crisis. It was a victory as it forced the House of Lords to make considerable concessions and they achieved the reform they wanted in the form of the Parliament Act; The outcome of the Lords crisis was ultimately a victory for the Liberals (Adelman, Decline of the Liberal Party 1910-1931). Following the crisis the Liberals were dependant on Labour and Irish Nationalist support. It was not financially viable for Labour to force another general election as Adelman says it felt itself impelled under these circumstances to keep the Liberals in office, vote for their bills and accept what crumbs they had to offer. In doing this it was clear that the Labour party was being led in a very moderate fashion, which although benefited the Liberals as they needed their support, it created problems for the Liberals as well, in the form of industrial unrest. Workers were becoming increasingly discontented with how they were being represented, and the Labour party made very little effort to work for workers rights, preferring to be the yes men to Asquith and the Liberal government. Essentially their lack of ability to deal with the issues that were supposed to lie at the heart of their party created more problems for the Liberals. The workers were becoming increasingly active in their protest, with the increase in Trade Union membership, and the union between the Social Democratic Party and a number of militant ILP branches of the British Socialist Party, forerunner of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Clearly there had to be something done as more and more strikes were taking place and more militant tactics were being implored. For example in the area of South Wales the Unions actions were especially aggressive and militant due to a large number of syndicalist supporters. The Labour unrest of 1911-1914 seemed a tribute to Syndicalist ideas. The unrest was marked by disputes on railways, docks and mines culminating in the formation of the Triple Alliance of transport workers, miners and railwaymen to coordinate wage demands; evidently matters were being taken into their own hands, and the Liberal wait and see policy was proving ineffective to say the least. The Trade Union challenge raised a large number of issues that the Liberal government failed to deal with, industrial unrest was at its highest ever point. The Liberals remained largely detached from the workers, as did the Labour Party; they left it to the employees themselves to sort out, explaining the more extreme strategies that appeared. The Liberals were in a very difficult position; they did not want to lose the support of the employers, who gave them financial support, by intervening in disputes. They made no real attempt to prevent strikes; instead they acted very harshly when they did by using the army. The whole issue of industrial unrest and workers troubles alienated the Liberal Party from the workers, allowing Socialist societies to spring up all over the country. In essence I see the Labour challenge as less significant as the problems that arose due to the Liberals policy of letting the situation correct itself. The amount of support for Trade Unions and the industrial militancy that plagued the country by the war clearly showed the Liberals were not in control of the situation and can be used as one of the factors to justify Dangerfields view that Liberal England was in ashes by the end of 1913. It could be seen as inevitable that increasing working class consciousness would lead to Labour gaining power, but Dangerfield underestimated the problems facing Labour and also the strength of their challenge as I believe they themselves had lost touch with working class problems; Carl Brand says that by the end of 1914 the Labour Party was dependant upon the Liberals, dissatisfied with its achievements, unsure of its aims, and apparently in decline. In 1912 The Liberal government introduced its Home Rule Bill, partly due to its commitment to the principle of granting Home Rule to Ireland and party due to its dependence on Irish Nationalists. This Bill was ferociously opposed by the Ulster Unionists who Asquith had failed to see how far they would be willing to oppose the Bill and the fact he was unable to see how divisions between Protestants and Catholics had grown. The Ulster Unionists were prepared to go to any lengths to oppose Home Rule, including armed revolts. The Conservatives were also opposed to the Bill, as they had been in 1883 when Gladstone had put forward a similar Bill. Bonar Law said I can imagine no length of resistance to which Ulster will go which I shall not be ready to support. With the two prepared to work coherently against the Liberals, it was clearly at great challenge to the Liberal government, one they duly avoided by adopting a wait and see strategy rather than taking direct action, accentuating the weaknesses of Asquith. Between the time it was introduced (1912) and when it was to become law (1914) tensions became increasingly flared over the issue. These years saw a mounting menace in Ireland (Adelman, Decline of the Liberal Party 1910-1931); private armies sprang up all over the country. The Curragh Mutiny and Larne Gunrunning showed the height the problem had reached and by 1914 Ireland was on the brink of a civil war. With the outbreak of war, the Irish constitutional problem was put to one side. In regards to Dangerfields statement the fact that the problem did effectively go away in 1914 suggests he got the date wrong and underestimated the impact the war had. Although the constitutional problem clearly highlighted the Liberal weakness in not being able to take control of situations and take direct action from preventing militancy; It seemed that the whole character of society was changing as passion and violence replaced the rationalism and consensus that were believed to epitomise Liberal England (Sykes, The Rise and Fall of British Liberalism 1776-1988). This was not only true of the problems in Ireland, but with industrial turbulence and womens suffrage as well. The suffragette movement was coming to the forefront of British politics in the latter part of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century, using political means to gain the concessions they desired. Yet it was the fact that the Liberals seemed to side step the issue that led to the suffragettes using more militant means to hopefully achieve their goals, this led to criticisms of the way women were going about their campaign and proved concerns Asquith had over giving women the vote; The most significant achievement of the suffragettes was to sabotage any hopes of winning womens suffrage by 1914 (Burton, respected historian). Yet the situation regarding the suffragettes showed once more how ineffectual the government was, essentially their reaction was one of hypocrisy. How could they claim to be liberal and drive for real social reform, then refute the emancipation and freedom for women to vote? When the WSPUs campaign did turn militant and more reactionary (hunger strikes, slashing works of art, cutting telephone wires to name but a few of their conquests) Asquith and the Liberals took a harsh stand, as they did with industrial strikes, this gave people the impression they were not for social reform and personal freedom at all, but rather they were reinforcing the ideas in a patriarchal society of male dominance that they were supposed to be eradicating, rather than anchoring. Essentially the government were put in an uncompromising situation, either they succumbed to the violent tactics of the suffragettes, that would suggest that violence would be the way forward, or they try and stamp out the issue and are seen as a government who dont stand for social reform at all. Clearly the mounting pressure on the Liberals, were damaging their support base and the party was in decline, but the war halted the suffragette movement as it called for national unity, this again suggests to me Dangerfield is off the mark as he does not consider the impact the war had on problems facing the Liberals. Dangerfield clearly bases his statement that Liberal England was reduced to ashes by 1913 on facts and actual problems that did lead to a decline in Liberal support. Yet he does underestimate the impact the Liberal Party had in their term of office, they did introduce numerous Bills of reform, focusing on National Insurance and Pensions, as well as other state run schemes. Unfortunately the nature of the pre war years seem to accentuate the problems and cast a shadow over the achievements, Dangerfield is a clear critique of Liberal England and what it has to offer, his own political standpoint could be questioned? Personally I see the pre war period as turbulent to say the least, but they remained in government through three elections, passed groundbreaking reforms and were in power when the war began. The impact the war had on British politics was astronomical, it acted as the catalyst for the decline of the Liberals, something Dangerfield appears to ignore in his writings. The war effectively forced the Liberals to implode and split, thus making a future for a Liberal party impossible Suggesting it was the war that extinguished the flame of Liberalism and reduced Liberal England to ashes. In conclusion the Liberals did not have an easy time in government, but fought their battles valiantly, introducing social reform on the way. In the end the jackhammer blows that came with each ensuing challenge or problem toppled the white knight of Liberalism, yet I believe this was not in 1913, but during the war. The Liberals entered the war shaken, but still ready to fight, sending their trusty stead into the face of adversity, only for it to be defeated by internal problems rather than that of external issues, something I find profoundly ironic given the nature of the external turmoil the Liberals faced in the pre war years.

Compare sex difference and women talk too much Essay

Compare sex difference and women talk too much - Essay Example Conversely, â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is a piece of art that was authored by Holms. From the article, the author has proved that it is a mythical believe and myth that women tends to talk a lot. From the two articles, there are various similarities and differences between the two essays. The main comparison between â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is that in both articles, the authors have tried proving that the manner in which people believe on the sex difference and more so on women is not correct (McGeown, 2012). On the other hand, the main difference between â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† is based on ways in which the views of the authors are directed to the society. The ideas outlined by the authors are significant for people to develop the society. The authors of both â€Å"Sex Differences† and â€Å"Women Talk Too Much† argue in defending their ideas. Macaulay has used research work in supporting his idea. He started with the research chronology on books that were written by Jespersen way back in 1920. Jespersen book, he mentioned on ways in women were heavily stereotyped based on their use of language and the ways in which they understood their language. Based on the book, he showed the audience that, previously there was this belied that women are used to using easy words. Additionally, they focus especially on the main and central arena of their language. Similarly, men tend to hold the new words with a lot of ease. It was also mentio ned that female counterparts have a less reserve of their vocabularies compared to men. Additionally, he included that women are quick in linguistic and better compared to men. However, according to Macaulay, he believes that this is absolutely stereotype. Conversely, Holmes has used illustrations and examples in proving their ideas to prove who talks a lot

Plant biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plant biology - Essay Example HGT is observed mainly between prokaryotes (single-celled organisms) like bacteria but also can be in Eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, animals, humans) to a lesser extent. HGT was first described by Ochiai et al. in 1959, in relation to transfer of antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species. Thereafter many scientists have studied and discussed about this phenomenon and now it is accepted that HGT is not a rare event and what is present in the biological world today is not a result of vertical gene transmission alone but also of HGT. Biological kingdom of earth can be categorized into three domains as bacteria, archea and eukaryotes. During vertical gene transmission, genetic information exchange between members of these domains is restricted to closely-related organisms with homologous DNA sequences. Therefore the ancestry of an organism could be traced back by analyzing their DNA and individuals with similar gene sequences can be grouped together to construct the evolutionary pathway. However, as HGT can transfer genes across wide phylogenetic distances, this picture become obscure. The phylogenetic tree of life (Figure 1) which present the relationship among different biological taxa is thus complicated by HGT as numerous interconnecting branches became obvious due to the presence of homologous DNA sequences in distantly-related organisms (Simonson et al.). Transfer of genes between different biological kingdoms, such as between eucaryotes and bacteria, or between bacteria and insects are some extreme cases of gene exchange between wide phylogenetic distances. An example is the presence of bacterial 'rol' genes from Agrobacterium species in tobacco (Nicotiniana) plants (Intrieri and Buiatti). Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of life as proposed by Carl Woese In vertical gene transmission, genetic variability of a species mainly arises during meiosis by recombination of genes. According to Mendal’s law of inheritance, alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation and thereby produce novel gene combinations which in turn generate variability. Mutations, which are the random changes of gene sequence of a DNA strand, are considered as an error in the vertical gene transmission process. It can happen as a point mutation, chromosomal duplication, breaking and rearrangement of chromosomes and addition or deletion of chromosomes. When such mutant is passed down to the next generation, it is not a mutant anymore, but a variant or a novel type. The variants who survive according to Darwin’s theory of â€Å"survival of the fittest†, subsequently pass the novel characters to their offspring by sexual or asexual reproduction. HGT however, is not a mutation and is not involved in gamete formation or sexual reproduction. It moves transposable elements between distantly-related or unrelated genomes and thereby intervenes in the process of evolution by originating different cell types and cre ating variants in its own way. Two hypotheses are presented here as ‘Continual horizontal transfer hypothesis’ and ‘Early massive horizontal transfer hypothesis.’ (Jain, Rivera and Lake). According to the ‘Continual horizontal transfer hypothesis’, HGT is a continuous process during prokaryotic evolution whereas in the ‘Early massive horizontal transfer hypothesis’, a massive exchange of a few operational genes (genes involved in